Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/ Revista Brasileira d...arrow_drop_down
image/svg+xml art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos Open Access logo, converted into svg, designed by PLoS. This version with transparent background. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Open_Access_logo_PLoS_white.svg art designer at PLoS, modified by Wikipedia users Nina, Beao, JakobVoss, and AnonMoos http://www.plos.org/
addClaim

Modificações dos níveis de gonadotrofinas durante a vida reprodutiva Gonadotropin level changes during the reproductive life

Authors: Sebastião Freitas de Medeiros; Márcia Marly Winck Yamamoto de Medeiros;

Modificações dos níveis de gonadotrofinas durante a vida reprodutiva Gonadotropin level changes during the reproductive life

Abstract

As modificações nas concentrações das gonadotrofinas ao longo da vida reprodutiva dependem de amadurecimento funcional harmônico entre conexões neurais, neurônios-GnRH no hipotálamo, gonadotropos hipofisários e células da granulosa e teca da parede folicular. As concentrações de LH e FSH sofrem variações com o período do dia, fase do ciclo menstrual e idades ginecológica e cronológica. A variação circadiana é marcante para o LH e ocorre na fase puberal, quando os pulsos têm maior freqüência e amplitude no período noturno. Na fase puberal tardia, os pulsos das gonadotrofinas ocorrem também durante o dia e perdem a variação noite-dia, permanecendo discretas alterações durante as 24 horas do dia. No ciclo menstrual, durante os anos reprodutivos, o FSH eleva-se no final da fase lútea tardia, declina na fase folicular média, eleva-se bruscamente na fase ovulatória e permanece em níveis basais até a fase lútea tardia. O LH permanece em níveis constantes durante toda a fase folicular, eleva-se no pico ovulatório e declina a níveis basais na fase lútea. Na quarta década, há modificações hipotálamo-neurais na secreção de GnRH, atenuação do retrocontrole positivo exercido pelo estradiol e diminuição na freqüência e prolongamento dos pulsos de GnRH. A hipófise responde com diminuição na densidade de receptores-GnRH, perda da sensibilidade do gonadotropo, secreção de gonadotrofinas mais básicas com maior meia-vida, diminuição na freqüência e maior amplitude dos pulsos de LH e FSH e secreção preferencial de FSH. Estas modificações, associadas à aceleração no consumo folicular, explicam a elevação monotrópica mais rápida de FSH após os 37-38 anos e a manutenção de níveis quase constantes de LH até o final do período reprodutivo. Estudos consistentes mostram que a elevação seletiva dos níveis basais de FSH na fase folicular precoce na verdade é gradual, sendo observada já na terceira década de vida. A discordância entre pulsos e níveis basais de FSH e LH ao longo dos anos reprodutivos permite especular a existência de mecanismos mais complexos, não totalmente compreendidos, na regulação do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-ovariano.Changes in the levels of gonadotropins throughout the reproductive life depend on a fine tuned functional development of neural pathways and GnRH-neurones, pituitary gonadotrophs and granulosa-theca cells of the follicular wall. Both, LH and FSH levels change according to the day-time, menstrual cycle phase, and gynecological age. Initiating the puberty, changes in LH pulses are remarkable, showing higher frequency and amplitude at night. Later in puberty, the pulses of LH are also maintained during the day, remaining its levels with very little variation within the 24 hours period. During the menstrual cycle, the FSH levels increase at the end of the luteal phase, decrease during the medium and late follicular phase, increase rapidly in the ovulatory phase and remain at low basal levels until the late luteal phase. The levels of LH remain unaltered during the whole follicular phase, increase in the ovulatory surge, and decrease to the basal levels in the luteal phase. At the forth decade of life, the GnRH secretion changes, with hypothalamic loss of sensitivy to the estradiol positive feedback and decrease in frequency and prolongation of the GnRH pulses. The pituitary response is atenuated due to decrease in the density of GnRH receptors on gonadotroph cells, loss of gonadotroph sensitivity, secretion of more basic FSH and LH molecules, decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude of LH and FSH pulses. These modifications result in monotropic increase of the FSH secretion. Current studies show that the selective increase in the FSH levels in the early follicular phase is gradual, beginning as early as the third decade of life. These alterations in FSH are associated with an accelerated follicular depletion in women after 37-38 years old. On the other side, the LH levels remain almost constant up to the end of reproductive life. The different levels of FSH and LH seen throughout the reproductive years may be due to yet unknown regulatory mechanisms in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.

Keywords

Luteinizing hormone, Receptores, FSH, Gonadorrelina, Follicle stimulating hormone, Hormônio luteinizante, Receptores, LH, Gynecology and obstetrics, Gonadorelin, Receptores do LH, Hormonio folículo estimulante humano, RG1-991, Receptores do FSH

  • BIP!
    Impact byBIP!
    selected citations
    These citations are derived from selected sources.
    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    0
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
Powered by OpenAIRE graph
Found an issue? Give us feedback
selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
Average
Average
gold