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Clinical Ophthalmology
Article . 2021
Data sources: DOAJ
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Ellipsoid Spectacle Comparison of Plusoptix, Retinomax and 2WIN Autorefractors

Authors: Arnold RW; Martin SJ; Beveridge JR; Arnold AW; Arnold SL; Beveridge NR; Smith KA;

Ellipsoid Spectacle Comparison of Plusoptix, Retinomax and 2WIN Autorefractors

Abstract

Robert W Arnold,1 Samuel J Martin,2 Joshua R Beveridge,3 Andrew W Arnold,4 Stephanie L Arnold,4 Nathanael R Beveridge,5 Kyle A Smith1,6 1Alaska Blind Child Discovery, Alaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USA; 2Loma Linda Medical School, Loma Linda, CA, USA; 3Idaho College of Osteopathic Medicine, Boise, ID, USA; 4Ascension Genesys Residency Program, Grand Blanc, MI, USA; 5US Airforce Academy, Colorado Springs, CO, USA; 6Accurate Vision, Anchorage, AK, USACorrespondence: Robert W ArnoldAlaska Children’s EYE & Strabismus, 3500 Latouche Street #280, Anchorage, AK, 99508, USATel +1(907)561-1917Fax +1 9075635373Email eyedoc@alaska.netBackground: Handheld devices can automatically give an estimate of refraction. The established method for refraction comparison using spherical equivalent (M) and J0, J45 vector transformations by Bland–Altman analysis is too complex for non-eye doctors involved with vision screening and remote vision clinics. Therefore, a simpler comparison technique was developed.Methods: Based on the spectacle limit to resolve grade A 1 logMAR, B 3 logMAR and C 6 logMAR blur, J0, J45, and M are combined into the Alaska Blind Child Discovery (ABCD) composite ellipsoid GRADE system. Pediatric eye patients had confirmatory examination after dry refraction with three portable autorefractors: Plusoptix, 2WIN and Retinomax. The refractions were then compared using both Bland–Altman and ABCD composite. Performance to detect AAPOS amblyopia risk factors was also assessed.Results: A total of 202 children, mean age seven years, 28% high spectacle need and 43% AAPOS 2013 amblyopia risk factors showed high correlation with cycloplegic refraction (intraclass correlation 0.49 to 0.90) for sphere, J0 and J45 spectacle components. Plusoptix had more (10%) inconclusives due to patients out-of-range. The Retinomax was unable to screen some younger children and was less reliable for sphere but gave more precise astigmatism estimates. The proportion of autorefractions expected to give GRADE A/B high-need patients acuity improvement to 20/40 would be 41% for Plusoptix, 39% for 2WIN and 65% for Retinomax. Sensitivity/specificity for amblyopia risk factor detection was 80%/83% for Plusoptix, 72%/88% for 2WIN and 84%/73% for Retinomax.Conclusion: The simplified spectacle comparison resembled Bland–Altman and could assist lay vision screeners and non-eye doctors attempting remote spectacle donation worldwide.Keywords: spectacles, remote dispensing, autorefractors, validation

Keywords

validation, Ophthalmology, autorefractors, remote dispensing, spectacles, RE1-994

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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