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Caquexia cardíaca

Authors: Miján, Alberto; Martín, Elvira; Mateo, Beatriz de;

Caquexia cardíaca

Abstract

La insuficiencia cardíaca de carácter crónico (ICC), en especial si afecta al corazón derecho, ocasiona con frecuencia malnutrición. Si esta es grave y se unen otros componentes, puede producirse caquexia cardíaca. Esta se asocia a mayor morbilidad y menor supervivencia de los pacientes que la padecen. Las causas de la caquexia cardíaca son diversas, en general asociadas a mantener balance energético negativo, surgiendo cada vez mayor evidencia que apoya un origen multifactorial de la misma. Entre otros, factores neurohormonales, inflamatorios, inmunológicos y metabólicos se superponen en el paciente con ICC, pudiendo producir afectación y deterioro de diversos órganos o sistemas, incluyendo la caquexia cardíaca. Esta puede definirse de diversos modos que, en general, concretan una reducción de peso en un tiempo definido o de estructuras corporales, ya que esta entidad afecta tanto a la masa magra o celular activa, como a los tejidos adiposo y óseo "osteoporosis. De todos ellos, el deterioro más acusado puede observarse en el tejido muscular esquelético, tanto a nivel estructural como funcional, no quedando exento el corazón de su afectación. Respecto del tratamiento, este debe basarse en la evidencia científica disponible. La valoración del estado nutricional de todo paciente con ICC es obligada, debiendo intervenir nutricionalmente ante MEP o riesgo de desarrollarla. En esta situación, mas si existe caquexia cardíaca, es necesaria una modificación de la dieta oral en energía y calidad de la misma, debiendo valorar la indicación de nutrición artificial específica complementaria o alternativa. Asimismo, cada vez adquiere mayor fuerza causal el papel beneficioso del ejercicio físico moderado, así como de la modulación por determinados fármacos de las alteraciones metabólicas e inflamatorias observadas en la caquexia cardíaca, que incluyen una respuesta favorable a nivel funcional y estructural del paciente con ICC.

Chronic heart failure (CHF), especially affecting the right heart, frequently leads to malnutrition. If the latter is severe and is combined to other factors, it may lead to cardiac cachexia. This one is associated to increased mortality and lower survival of patients suffering from it. The causes of cardiac cachexia are diverse, generally associated to maintenance of a negative energy balance, with increasing evidence of its multifactorial origin. Neurohumoral, inflammatory, immunological, and metabolic factors, among others, are superimposed in the patient with CHF, leading to involvement and deterioration of several organs and systems, since this condition affects both lean (or active cellular) mass and adipose and bone tissue - osteoporosis. Among all, the most pronounced deterioration may be seen at skeletal muscle tissue, at both structural and functional levels, the heart not being spared. As for treatment, it should be based on available scientific evidence. Assessment of nutritional status of any patient with CHF is a must, with the requirement of nutritional intervention in case of malnutrition. In this situation, especially if accompanied by cardiac cachexia, it is required to modify energy intake and oral diet quality, and to consider the indication of specific complementary or alternative artificial nutrition. Besides, the causal relationship of the beneficial role of moderate physical exertion is increasing, as well as modulation of metabolic and inflammatory impairments observed in cardiac cachexia with several drugs, leading to a favorable functional and structural response in CHF patients.

Related Organizations
Keywords

Inflammation, Cachexia, Inflamación, Caquexia, Atrofia muscular, Chronic heart failure, Neurohormones, Citoquinas, Nutrición, Neurohormonas, Insuficiencia cardíaca crónica, Cytokines, Muscle atrophy, Nutrition

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
0
Average
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