This research will: 1) Behaviourally assess the extent to which macaques can learn different forms of nonadjacent relationships in sequences generated by artificial grammars. 2) Use comparative neuroimaging to identify the brain areas involved in complex sequence processing in both macaques and humans and evaluate the correspondences and potential divergences across the species in key frontal, temporal and parietal brain areas. 3) Obtain neuroimaging connectivity data to evaluate the involvement of dorsal and ventral pathways involved in these processes across the species. To achieve these objectives I will: 1) test macaques and humans abilities to learn a suite of sequence processing tasks designed to independently increase sequencing complexity and working memory demands. 2) fMRI will be used to assess whether the neurobiological substrates involved in evaluating nonadjacent sequencing relationships are supported by similar or different brain areas across the species. 3) The fMRI re sults will be used to inform connectivity analyses to understand the pathways connecting these frontal and temporal lobe regions. This project has the potential to clarify how the frontal cortex supports cognitive functions involved in evaluating complex sequencing processing, a potential human language precursor process, and the extent to which macaques could serve to model these processes.