Our general goal in this project is to further our understanding of the necessity, effectiveness, risks and ethical implications of assisted gene flow (AGF) to improve adaptation to climate change. To reach these goals, our plan is to: (i) Document the consequences of actual manipulations of gene flow in natural populations, by measuring in detail the genetic, demographic and ecological consequences of AGF. (ii) Build eco-evolutionary models predicting the quantitative impact of AGF on demography and genetic diversity, and optimizing the AGF protocols taking into account various management constraints. (iii) Analyze the moral dilemmas around AGF, and how these dilemmas differ between exploited, keystone and rare endangered species. We will particularly focus on the case of perennial plants, which are particularly threatened by climate change. We will consider the contrasted situations of rare endangered perennial herbs versus very long-lived common forest trees.