The utilization of Obsidian, a natural volcanic glass, within the Anatolian communities between 8500 and 5000 BC cal. is the core of the project 'ObsidianUs'. Obsidians are found mainly in two regions Central Anatolia (Cappadocia) and Eastern Anatolia (Bingöl, Van Lake) and were transported over hundreds of kilometres the most probably through exchange networks. The mechanical properties of obsidians allow the manufacture of a wide range of objects through different kinds of techniques and methods of knapping and polishing. Objects are therefore mainly, for the periods under study –Neolithic and Chalcolithic-, tools and secondarily, bracelets, pendants and vessels. Obsidian is for archaeologists a key element to study multiple technical practices related to different kind of subsistence or craft activities: harvesting, hunting, butchery, treatment of vegetal and animal materials (bone, antler, skin, hide) and work of different kind of rocks. Obsidian reveals as well social practices: identification of exchange networks, funeral practices and ritual of foundation. Among the main questions, the way in which the communities adopted the raw material, the rhythms and modalities of the adoption depend on the regional diversity in obsidian procurements, in the economies of the villages and in technical traditions. At the present state of the research, chemical analysis on obsidians allow us to identify the roads of diffusion of the raw material but does not to identify the social mechanisms which were behind. Our aim is to identify such mechanisms with the help of a technological approach, to analyse the way in which the ancient communities manufactured and used their lithic tools, to better understand the organization of these communities and their social links. The French Institute of Anatolian Studies of Isatnbul (IFEA) and the Department of Prehistory of the University of Istanbul (partner 1) are associated within this project. The study of the archaeological assemblages (technological and use-wear analysis) is here based on a fundamental research on the mechanisms of wear held by the Laboratory of Tribology and System Dynamics/Centrale Lyon (Partenaire 2). Tribologists and use-wear analysts analyse wear phenomena with complementary methods.