Fig. 49. Optimization of absence (gray) and presence (black) of dermal spines (A, three steps) and of the amount of webbing in males (B, four steps) of Chiasmocleis. Optimizations of both characters required three and four steps, respectively for dermal spines and amount of webbing. Presence of spines is the plesiomorphic state, and they were lost three times independently, while the absence of webbing is the plesiomorphic state and it appears four times independently. Taxonomy updated to the one proposed in the present work. Chiasmocleis devriesi is nested within C. anatipes and is not shown.

Published as part of Peloso, Pedro L.V., Sturaro, Marcelo José, Forlani, Mauricio C., Gaucher, Philippe, Motta, Ana Paula & Wheeler, Ward C., 2014, Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, And Character Evolution Of The Genera Chiasmocleis And Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) In Amazonia, With Descriptions Of Three New Species, pp. 1 in Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2014 (386) on page 79, DOI: 10.1206/834.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5378601