The achievements of modern research and their rapid progress from theory to application are increasingly underpinned by computation. Computational approaches are often hailed as a new third pillar of science - in addition to empirical and theoretical work. While its breadth makes computation almost as ubiquitous as mathematics as a key tool in science and engineering, it is a much younger discipline and stands to benefit enormously from building increased capacity and increased efforts towards integration, standardization, and professionalism. The development of new ideas and techniques in computing is extremely rapid, the progress enabled by these breakthroughs is enormous, and their impact on society is substantial: modern technologies ranging from the Airbus 380, MRI scans and smartphone CPUs could not have been developed without computer simulation; progress on major scientific questions from climate change to astronomy are driven by the results from computational models; major investment decisions are underwritten by computational modelling. Furthermore, simulation modelling is emerging as a key tool within domains experiencing a data revolution such as biomedicine and finance. This progress has been enabled through the rapid increase of computational power, and was based in the past on an increased rate at which computing instructions in the processor can be carried out. However, this clock rate cannot be increased much further and in recent computational architectures (such as GPU, Intel Phi) additional computational power is now provided through having (of the order of) hundreds of computational cores in the same unit. This opens up potential for new order of magnitude performance improvements but requires additional specialist training in parallel programming and computational methods to be able to tap into and exploit this opportunity. Computational advances are enabled by new hardware, and innovations in algorithms, numerical methods and simulation techniques, and application of best practice in scientific computational modelling. The most effective progress and highest impact can be obtained by combining, linking and simultaneously exploiting step changes in hardware, software, methods and skills. However, good computational science training is scarce, especially at post-graduate level. The Centre for Doctoral Training in Next Generation Computational Modelling will develop 55+ graduate students to address this skills gap. Trained as future leaders in Computational Modelling, they will form the core of a community of computational modellers crossing disciplinary boundaries, constantly working to transfer the latest computational advances to related fields. By tackling cutting-edge research from fields such as Computational Engineering, Advanced Materials, Autonomous Systems and Health, whilst communicating their advances and working together with a world-leading group of academic and industrial computational modellers, the students will be perfectly equipped to drive advanced computing over the coming decades.

This application is for collaborative research on an area of cooling of great industrial and social significance by three teams with expertise in heat transfer, system simulation and component design. The lead team will be based at Newcastle University with the support teams at Oxford and South Bank UniversitiesIf the performance of electronic chips follow current trends and double every 18 months (Moore's Law), then it will soon not be possible to effectively cool them using conventional passive cooling and an alternative technique/devices must be found. This proposal is concerned with developing such a device. In particular it is concerned with a theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation of a miniature vapour compression refrigeration cycle optimised for the cooling of future electronic systems. The proposed work will consist of three distinct but interrelated activities that will be conducted at three centres by personnel with recognised skills, expertise, resources and experience to undertake this work. The proposed work is innovative in that it will examine issues associated with miniature refrigeration systems that have not been studied hitherto. It is intended to explore design criteria related to system stability and develop design codes to assist designers and manufacturers of such systems. The heat transfer performance of phase change in porous materials and the technology transfer associated with the compressor development all contribute to making this a very innovative project. The groups already have experience of working together and arrangements will be put in place to facilitate the exchange of ideas and expertise on a larger scale. The integrated approach will provide significant advantages compared to three unlinked projects and produce a significant step forward in electronic cooling technology. The work will be supported by several industrial partners and collaborators namely Thermacore, Panasonic and Honeywell who will all contribute technical and in kind resources to the project. Letters of support have been obtained from Panasonic, Thermacore, Honeywell-Hymatic and Hexag.

This application is for collaborative research on an area of cooling of great industrial and social significance by three teams with expertise in heat transfer, system simulation and component design. The lead team will be based at Newcastle University with the support teams at Oxford and South Bank UniversitiesIf the performance of electronic chips follow current trends and double every 18 months (Moore's Law), then it will soon not be possible to effectively cool them using conventional passive cooling and an alternative technique/devices must be found. This proposal is concerned with developing such a device. In particular it is concerned with a theoretical analysis and experimental evaluation of a miniature vapour compression refrigeration cycle optimised for the cooling of future electronic systems. The proposed work will consist of three distinct but interrelated activities that will be conducted at three centres by personnel with recognised skills, expertise, resources and experience to undertake this work. The proposed work is innovative in that it will examine issues associated with miniature refrigeration systems that have not been studied hitherto. It is intended to explore design criteria related to system stability and develop design codes to assist designers and manufacturers of such systems. The heat transfer performance of phase change in porous materials and the technology transfer associated with the compressor development all contribute to making this a very innovative project. The groups already have experience of working together and arrangements will be put in place to facilitate the exchange of ideas and expertise on a larger scale. The integrated approach will provide significant advantages compared to three unlinked projects and produce a significant step forward in electronic cooling technology. The work will be supported by several industrial partners and collaborators namely Thermacore, Panasonic and Honeywell who will all contribute technical and in kind resources to the project. Letters of support have been obtained from Panasonic, Thermacore, Honeywell-Hymatic and Hexag.

With the Kigali Amendment coming into force in 2019, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer has entered a major new phase in which the production and use of hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) will be controlled in most major economies. This landmark achievement will enhance the Protocol's already-substantial benefits to climate, in addition to its success in protecting the ozone layer. However, recent scientific advances have shown that challenges lie ahead for the Montreal Protocol, due to the newly discovered production of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) thought to be phased-out, rapid growth of ozone-depleting compounds not controlled under the Protocol, and the potential for damaging impacts of halocarbon degradation products. This proposal tackles the most urgent scientific questions surrounding these challenges by combining state-of-the-art techniques in atmospheric measurements, laboratory experiments and advanced numerical modelling. We will: 1) significantly expand atmospheric measurement coverage to better understand the global distribution of halocarbon emissions and to identify previously unknown atmospheric trends, 2) combine industry models and atmospheric data to improve our understanding of the relationship between production (the quantity controlled under the Protocol), "banks" of halocarbons stored in buildings and products, and emissions to the atmosphere, 3) determine recent and likely future trends of unregulated, short-lived halocarbons, and implications for the timescale of recovery of the ozone layer, 4) explore the complex atmospheric chemistry of the newest generation of halocarbons and determine whether breakdown products have the potential to contribute to climate change or lead to unforeseen negative environmental consequences, 5) better quantify the influence of halocarbons on climate and refine the climate- and ozone-depletion-related metrics used to compare the effects of halocarbons in international agreements and in the design of possible mitigation strategies. This work will be carried out by a consortium of leaders in the field of halocarbon research, who have an extensive track record of contributing to Montreal Protocol bodies and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ensuring lasting impact of the new developments that will be made.