Novel means of recycling end-of-life polyesters are required if we are to convert the current, linear textile economy into a circular one with a reduced reliance on fossil-based feedstocks. Polyesters are a type of polymer, chains of building blocks linked together by chemical bonds; in this case, they are ester bonds. Natural polymers are commonplace in all kingdoms of life, and for every natural polymer, there exists a natural enzyme that can deconstruct it back into its constituent building blocks. These deconstructing enzymes give circularity to life; the building blocks are reused with nothing going to waste. This project will develop enzyme-based technology for the breakdown of waste polyester textiles into their chemical building blocks for subsequent reuse in a circular bioeconomy. We will develop robust enzymes that can deconstruct the most commonly-used polyester polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in waste textiles, tolerating the challenges that this feedstock poses, namely its toughness and the presence of dyes and additives. Our research will establish the feasibility of using enzymes to deconstruct the PET in waste textiles into a soup of simple building blocks for conversion back into new polyesters, thus circularising the existing linear economy, and reducing the need to produce virgin PET from fossil-fuel based chemicals. Current schemes for enzymatic recycling of polyesters - predominantly beverage bottles and food packaging - rely upon energy-intensive pre-treatment regimes to reduce the toughness of the polymer in order for it to be deconstructed by the current best-performing enzymes. Polyester textiles present further potential challenges for enzymatic deconstruction in that they contain dyes and other additives that may impede the activity of enzymes. Ultimately, industry's adoption of enzyme-based technology for deconstruction of polyester textiles will require thorough assessments of the technology, including proof-of-concept studies in laboratory-scale bioreactors that mimic the proposed industrial application. Our project will address these challenges in three related work packages, at each point guided by input from an impact advisory group. We will use a combined approach of optimising both enzyme performance and green, physicochemical textile pre-treatment to overcome the resistance of tough polyesters to enzymatic deconstruction. We will test the compatibility of our engineered enzymes with additives, dyes and solvents to select those enzymes that are best suited to polyester textile deconstruction. We will apply our most robust enzymes to appropriately pretreated waste polyester textiles in laboratory-scale bioreactors to evaluate the potential and limitations of scaling up the enzymatic deconstruction technology. Throughout, we will engage with the global research community through the BOTTLE consortium and through Biomimicry Institutes' Design for Decomposition project. We will also work to build synergy with the requirements of UK businesses in the textiles value chain through our partnership with Endura, a UK cycling clothing brand. At the end of the project, we will hold workshops with our project partners and other industrial stakeholders, to showcase the outcomes from the above study and to inform the development of a technology development roadmap for future application of enzymatic polyester textile deconstruction.

The UK Government recently set targets for "net zero emissions" and "zero waste" as well as a 10 Point Plan for a Green Industrial Revolution. Even so, the UK currently sources, processes and deploys advanced materials based on unsustainable practices, including the use of fossil fuels and scarce, geologically hindered raw materials. This contributes to over 30% of the UK CO2 emissions, especially considering the import of raw precursors and materials. Our vision is to build our most important functional materials from bio-based resources which are locally available. These materials will lower CO2 emissions, helping the UK to reach the targeted zero emissions by 2050 while boosting high-performance, locally available technologies and creating new industries. They will form the cornerstone for a modern technology-dependent economy. This programme grant brings together the best UK academics and key industrial partners involved in the development of a new supply chain for sustainable materials and applications. We will accelerate novel pathways to manufacture advanced materials out of available UK bioresources while boosting their performance working with stakeholders in key industrial sectors (chemical industry, advanced materials, energy, waste, agriculture, forestry, etc). The combined food, forestry and agricultural waste in the UK amounts to approx.26.5m tonnes each year. There is no valuable economic chain in the UK to allow waste valorisation towards high value-added materials. Yet, by mass, functional materials provide the most viable route for waste utilisation, preferable over waste-to-energy. This Programme Grant will thus enhance the UK's capability in the critical area of affordable and sustainable advanced materials for a zero carbon UK economy, providing multidisciplinary training for the next generation of researchers, and support for a nascent next generation of an advanced materials industry