The Stern and Dasgupta reviews on the economics of climate change and biodiversity respectively make clear, wealth creation, ecosystem health, and quality of life are inextricably linked. The UK government is committed to showing global leadership in climate change and biodiversity (and in their intersection) building on commitment that will be made in 2021 for climate change at Glasgow (COP26) and biodiversity at Kunming (COP15). Furthermore, the UK government's 25-Year Environment Plan includes the pledge to leave the environment in a better state than it is in now, while the Environment Bill currently going through parliament commits the government to set legally enforceable targets for different areas including climate, air quality, water quality, land management and biodiversity. Within these broad areas, there are numerous decisions requiring scientific input that have to be made in short timeframes (6-12 months). However, Universities are adept at doing excellent research within the typical three to five years projects, and UKRI is highly skilled at selecting the most promising of these projects. This presents the problem of delivering interdisciplinary research (IDR) with stakeholders to address challenges and provide tangible outcomes and environmental solutions within much shorter public and private sector policy cycles. The challenge we identify for this call is urgency and rapid delivery of IDR to provide a clear path from discovery to translation and impact. Our approach within AGILE is to build capacity within Oxford University to rapidly bring together IDR, and identify evidence-based solutions to major social and environmental challenges. AGILE is composed three overarching goals. First is delivering a collection of Sprint projects, characterized by policy pull for their socio-economic importance, timeliness for policy and practice, co-creation with stakeholders, and researchers with the capability to communicate effectively across boundaries to adopt a whole systems approach. Goal 1 will deliver five central objectives: 1) Demand-led Sprint formulation through engagement with stakeholders, 2) Convene Sprint teams to set tangible outcomes and robust action plans, 3) Monitor and evaluate progress to accelerate projects ensuring optimal deployment of resources, 4) Creation of a body of knowledge on effective approaches to IDR and the capability of IDR researchers, to be embedded in the university culture and shared with UKRI, and crucially 5) Uptake partnerships and reformulation to ensure implementable solutions. Second is to create a critical mass of IDR researchers, through 1) capturing lessons learned from these Sprints and translating them into training opportunities for the wider research community, 2) building a community of IDR researchers through shared learning and ongoing engagement with the programme and policy-makers, and 3) and enabling rapid development of AGILE teams creating capability and supporting career development. Third is the AGILE legacy, of creating a culture shift in the way universities evaluate IDR and work towards ensuring the outputs of IDR are recognised as of equal value in recruitment and retention policies. This will ensure increased opportunities for funding and delivering excellent interdisciplinary research, with users, providing the evidence base for effective policy and practice, in a more realistic policy-cycle timeframe. AGILE will enable transformational change in the way high-quality interdisciplinary research informs decision-making on how we manage the natural environment in a rapidly warming world.

Fluid dynamics underpins large areas of engineering, environmental and scientific research, and is becoming increasingly important in medical science. At Leeds, we possess research expertise across each of these domains and we have an established record of working across disciplinary boundaries. This proposal builds upon this record through the establishment of a multidisciplinary CDT in Fluid Dynamics. Research techniques that will be applied, and developed, will encompass: mathematical modelling & theory; numerical methods, CFD & high performance computing (HPC); and measurement & experimentation. Engineering application areas to be addressed include: reacting flows; carbon capture, transport & storage; flow of polymer melts; mixing problems; particulate flows; coating & deposition; lubrication; medical devices; pathogen control; heat transport; wind turbines; fluid-structure interaction; and nuclear safety. Environmental application areas will consist of: groundwater flow; river/estuary flows; tidal flows; oceanography; atmospheric pollution; weather forecasting; climate modelling; dynamics of the Earth's interior; and solar & planetary flow problems. Facilities available to undertake this research include: the University's HPC system which, combined with the N8 regional facility that is hosted at Leeds, provides ~10000 computational cores, an extensive suite of licensed software and dedicated support staff; flow measurement techniques (including Particle Imaging Velocimetry (PIV), 2-component Laser Doppler Anemometry (LDA), Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA) and Ultrasonic Doppler Velocity Profiling (UDVP)); techniques for measuring fluid concentration (Ultrasonic High Concentration Meter (UHCM) and Optical Backscatter Probes (OBS)) and a range of optical metrology systems (e.g. pulsed and continuous wave lasers). The UK has a substantial requirement for doctoral scientists and engineers who have a deep understanding of all aspects of fluid dynamics from theory through to experimental methods and numerical simulation. In manufacturing and process engineering, for example, many processes depend critically on fluid flows (e.g. extrusion of polymer melts, deposition of coatings, spray drying, etc.) and it is essential to understand and control these processes in order to optimize production efficiency and reliability (see letter of support from P&G for example). In large-scale mechanical engineering there is a demand for expertise in reacting turbulent flows in order to optimize fuel efficiency and engine performance, and in wetting and surface flows for the design and manufacture of pumps and filters. There is also a need for a wide variety of skilled experts in environmental fluid flows to support the growing need to understand and predict local pollution and threats to safety (atmospheric, surface water, ocean and sub-surface flows), and to predict weather, climate and space weather for satellite technology. We will train a new generation of researchers who will have a broad range of skills to transfer into industry and environmental agencies, hence our approach will be multi-disciplinary throughout. All students will undertake both modelling and experimental training before embarking on their PhD project - which will be co-supervised by academics from different Schools. The MSc component of the programmee will be specifically tailored to develop expertise in the mathematical background of fluid dynamics, in CFD/HPC, and in experimental techniques. Team-based projects will be used to develop the teamwork and communication skills we believe are essential. Finally, engagement with industry will be a key feature of this CDT: all students will undertake an industrial placement, a large number of projects will be industrially sponsored, and our non-academic partners will contribute actively to our management, implementation and strategic development.