This project will apply the methodology and learnings from AH/R005869/1 to a new audience, children aged 9-11 in Nepali schools. This group emerged as key actors within health seeking behaviours including the purchasing of non-prescription antimicrobials in our original project, hence all partners wish to modify the initial project to reach this group. This will involve community co-production of an education programme based upon existing community engagement methodology which allowed Nepali communities to explore their relationship with the issue of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) through participatory filmmaking. AMR is a major One Health threat, particularly acute in developing countries such as Nepal due to growing populations, limited health infrastructure and the accessibility of antimicrobials without medical advice or prescription. While the previous project engaged adult participants, our original research project highlighted the key role that Children in Nepal play in AMR-related health-seeking behaviour. They are frequently the member of the family sent to purchase non-prescription antimicrobials. The misuse of these drugs exacerbates AMR, but public understanding of this risk is low. Children especially have limited AMR knowledge or empowerment to change harmful behaviours because conversations regarding AMR are mainly held at Ministerial level and the risks of AMR are not currently taught in schools. Our co-produced education programme will use participatory arts to encourage children to share how their behaviours interact with AMR. This will significantly extend the community-level reach of the previous project, allowing children in Nepal to develop knowledge and confidence to facilitate changes in their own AMR behaviour, and spread this message through their communities. In preparation for this education programme, the project will invest heavily in training community volunteers as facilitators. This will involve the re-engagement of AH/R005869/1 participants and the use of their original outputs (participatory films), both are integral to the community engagement aspect of our educational programme. They maximise the value of existing community resources, ensure Global-South ownership of the project, and provide local-contextualisation to help young people understand this complex 'One Health' issue. Existing AH/R005869/1 films will be used as educational resources and AH/R005869/1 participants will be trained as Community AMR Champions to facilitate the educational programme. Training will enhance their AMR knowledge and confidence whilst at the same time developing their skills in public speaking, working with children (including safeguarding and unconscious bias) and their understanding of participatory arts methodology. The training programme will then reach out to schools engaging head teachers, school nurses and subject specific teachers with the same training programme. Supported by Community AMR Champions, these participants will then co-produce the final content of the AMR education programme to be delivered in their school. This project is designed to be scalable. Regular debriefing sessions with participants, robust evaluations of the both the education programme and facilitator training package will provide a rich dataset to assess the impact of community engagement and participatory arts methodology for creating behaviour change with regard to AMR. This will allow the creation of best-practice resources (manuals), allowing other practitioners to repeat this intervention. It will, moreover, allow the original research team to continue to engage the Nepali Ministry of Health and Population as it develops its national AMR action plan.

The earthquakes which struck Nepal in 2015 caused a human catastrophe. Not only did they inflict loss of life and livelihoods, they destroyed substantial parts of Kathmandu's unique UNESCO World Heritage site. The monuments of the city were not only ornate structures but were living monuments playing central roles in the daily lives of thousands of Nepalis. Furthermore, their rehabilitation is of economic importance as they represent a major source of foreign currency and employment through tourism. Indeed, the Government of Nepal's 'Cultural Heritage Post-Disaster Needs Assessment 2015' (PDNA) estimates that losses relating to damage and livelihoods amount to over US$23 million. Whilst there is a strong political, social and economic desire to reconstruct rapidly, it is critical that post-disaster rescue archaeology is combined with reconstruction. Indeed, plans to reconstruct temples on existing ruined platforms must first be preceded by a phase of rescue excavations to evaluate the subsurface stability of foundations with detailed recording and scientific analysis as few architectural studies have considered them. These will provide a greater understanding of how monuments developed and facilitate their enhanced rehabilitation and future protection. There is also an imperative for information and data sharing and capacity building as damage has already been inflicted on monuments within the UNESCO World Heritage site during the post-disaster pre-reconstruction phase led by architects and engineers unaware of the heritage beneath their feet. Indeed, having discussed challenges and opportunities with stakeholders in Kathmandu, it is clear that the current focus on the rehabilitation of architectural superstructures has resulted in additional damage to Kathmandu's World Heritage site. This has largely gone unnoticed as it entailed damage to subsurface archaeological heritage, even though this heritage is protected by national legislation. Emergency interventions badly damaged some buildings but, whilst they were driven by recovering the injured and dead, more recent damage relates to non-emergency activities, including engineering contractors cutting exploratory trenches and drilling soil cores, workmen cutting foundations, soldiers deliberately collapsing monuments and engineers dismantling others. All of these events had a common absence of in-situ archaeological recording and the absence of consultation with trained professional archaeologists beforehand. This absence is paralleled in the PDNA 2015, which fails to note the risk to the vulnerable subsurface archaeological heritage from rehabilitation and reconstruction activities. More recent documents, such as the draft 'Conservation Guidelines for Post 2015 Earthquake Rehabilitation: Conservation Guidelines' (CGPERCG2015) recognise this risk but need strengthening. It is worth noting that this situation is common across South Asia and there is a capacity deficit in urban and rescue archaeology, despite being located in a region whose built heritage is prone to risks from both seismic events and rapid urbanisation. Following requests from the Government of Nepal and ICOMOS (Nepal) and responding to AHRC's FoF 'Notice for International Development', our aim is to build on the success of the 'Outstanding' graded AHRC-funded research in Sri Lanka to conduct a practical field training workshop with non-academic collaborators to focus on learning from the evaluation of the foundations of the collapsed Kasthamandap in Kathmandu and as well as on salvaging material to assist post-earthquake plans for its reconstruction and to offer an exemplar for strengthening and disseminating post-disaster subsurface heritage protocols within post-earthquake Kathmandu.

Context Nearly 1 bn people live in mountain landscapes within developing countries. Living with the impacts of multiple hazards in mountainous regions, such as monsoon rainfall, earthquakes and landsliding, is for many a day-to-day reality. Both the short- and long-term impacts of hazards are often exaggerated by their concurrent or sequential timing, and by the socio-political context in which they occur. This context results from fragmented government, rapid population change, and the very localized impacts of global (geo)political interests. As a result, hazards have recurring and disproportionate impacts on some of the most vulnerable members of society. While much research has been conducted on both the socio-political context and the individual hazards and risks that people face, this work is rarely used for disaster risk management. Aims & objectives To tackle this, we build on our existing long-standing collaborations with the aim of examining how best to develop and use new interdisciplinary science to help inform better decision making and reduce the impacts of multi-hazards in mountain countries. We focus on Nepal, which has many similarities to other lower-income countries that endure complex multi-hazards resulting from earthquakes and monsoon rainfall as well as emerging systemic risks. Nepal is also undergoing complex social, political and economic transformation associated with a change to a federal system of government and changing geopolitical pressures, all within a hazardous yet densely populated landscape. The objectives of our research are each designed to make a significant difference to the ways in which residents, government, and the international community take decisions to manage multi-hazards and systemic risks. They include: (1) Thinking critically about our current understanding of the social, political, economic and environmental context within which disasters occur in Nepal, and the data that we use to assess that context; (2) Establishing a new approach to national-scale strategic-planning for complex multi-hazard events, which includes the consequences of linked earthquakes, monsoons and landslides; (3) Developing interdisciplinary science to anticipate, plan for, and communicate the range of hazards that occur during the monsoon; and (4) Finding the best ways to utilise local knowledge and interdisciplinary science to inform how to prepare for and respond to multi-hazard disasters. Potential applications and benefit To achieve our objectives, we bring together a team of Nepali and international researchers from a range of disciplines, including geoscience, social science and the humanities, who have track records in various facets of this issue. Together, we aim to: (1) develop new fundamental data and evidence to underpin decision-making, (2) establish pathways for getting the best possible information to those who need it, in a format and timeframe that are useful and usable, (3) think critically about how multi-hazards and risks can be effectively managed, and (4) nurture an environment that supports the young researchers and practitioners who will be the future of disaster risk management in Nepal. We ground our proposal within the context of our long-term community-based work with rural residents in Nepal, and reflect upon their articulations of the need to make better decisions to reduce the risks that they face. We also build upon our work on managing risks with the Government of Nepal and the United Nations, who coordinate disaster planning in the country. The Government, UN, and major development and humanitarian organisations have been involved from the outset in developing this proposal to ensure an agile, joined-up, evidence-based approach to multi-hazard and risk management.