According to today’s practice, wood waste is roughly classified into three or four classes, depending on the country. The most polluted grade, often referred to as grade C or AIII/AIV, consists of preservative-treated wood, i.e. wood that has been impregnated with chemicals (pesticides, biocides and fungicides) to enhance its bio-resistance. Grade C or AIII/AIV is not currently recycled. The increased use of wood as encouraged by initiatives like the New European Bauhaus is likely to require additional volumes of preservative-treated wood. Even though such treatments extend the service life of wood products, they will still eventually become waste and must be dealt with. Wood preservation compounds pose a significant threat to not only the environment but also to human health, and therefore it is needed to develop efficient remediation technologies. At the same time, current recycling processes are greatly complicated by the presence of pollutants (chemical treatment products, heavy metals), which calls for further research on cleaning methods. As grade C comprises of several types of wood types and products, along with different levels of contamination, this poses a complex problem that needs action from both the circular economy and non-toxic environment fields. The development of an automated on-line characterization system to distinguish chemically contaminated wood waste has become a high priority. Gaps in existing regulations should be considered as may not fully support the use of upcycled wood materials from such waste streams. IN2WOOD proposes a multi-dimensional cascade approach for highly polluted post-consumer wood waste via a series of seven Pilot Validation Trials (PVTs) with aim to reduce the demand for virgin materials, reduce unsustainable options such as landfilling or incineration, and support the transition towards a circular economy by developing new value-added products from clean secondary materials.

The goal of EcoReFibre is to develop and demonstrate innovative demos for environmentally sound and commercially viable recycling of end-of-life fibreboards, which currently have no commercially viable recycling methods. The quantities of fibreboard waste are growing exponentially in line with the growth in production capacity, and it is highly likely that more than 60 million tons of fibreboard waste have been created in Europe the last 5 years. This has caught the European recycling sector off-guard. EcoReFibre is crucial to Europe's wood-based panel and wood recycling sectors because of various inter-linked market challenges of the current situation for creating secondary materials from wood waste. EcoReFibre builds a strong pan-European consortium bringing together leading research institutes, companies and European associations who will develop and demonstrate a range of recycling technologies for waste fibreboard. Validation and demonstration of the technologies will take place in an operational environment as system prototypes (TRL7) or in the relevant industrial environment (TRL6). These include a sorting line that is able to efficiently sort post-consumer wood waste, extraction technologies for secondary materials (calibrated wood fines and wood fibres) from the sorted waste fractions, and conversion to valuable products, i.e. various fibreboard and insulation products, particleboard and novel biocomposites. As a major impact, the secondary fibres will substitute up to 25% of the virgin fibres currently used in the manufacture of new fibreboard. The economic viability of the technologies is achieved through a synergistic circular economy approach that exploits multiple valorisation pathways of secondary raw materials. The novel fibreboard recycling technologies are transferrable and exploitable for many other biobased industries. Environmental and social impacts and benefits are integrated into a life cycle perspective.