Urbanisation is the defining feature of global population distribution. Until at least 2050, city growth will be concentrated in developing countries and most of that growth will come from migration from rural areas. Many poor, rural migrants will end up in the poorest neighbourhoods of these cities. These population movements have always been important pathways into poverty, but this is exacerbated by the increasingly rapid pace of urbanisation and by important new contexts such as the vulnerability of urban centres to climate change. A recent UK Government Office of Science report highlighted the potential for migrants to be 'trapped' in these impoverished environments since their extreme poverty means that they unable to return to the areas they have come from or move elsewhere in the city. In contrast, other recent research suggests that urban areas provide valuable opportunities for migrants which are typically preferable to the rural poverty many of them have left behind. This project investigates when migration from rural to urban areas becomes a pathway into poverty and how policy can support rural-urban migrants to access urban opportunities and escape from poverty. There are three central questions. First, research considers under what circumstances rural-urban migration presents an opportunity for poor people and what factors contribute to them becoming 'trapped'. Second, the project investigates the relationship between physical and socio-economic mobility. This will consider both mobility within the city and ongoing connections with migrants' rural households. It focuses particularly on migrants' own perspectives of what they consider to be successful integration in the city. Finally, the project assesses the attitudes of city government and other significant actors, such as community organisations, police, NGOs and international organisations. This will focus on ways in which these institutions facilitate or prevent new migrants integrating into city life. In order to respond to these three questions, the project draws on a series of innovative methods to capture migrants' own attitudes to their migration, combining in-depth, individual interviews and broad surveys. The limited recent research on these issues has tended to focus on a single urban area at a single time period. This project contributes to this recent research with a comparative, longitudinal approach. The project investigates the success of migrants to four cities in four different countries: Harare (Zimbabwe), Hargeisa (Somaliland), Dhaka (Bangladesh) and Colombo (Sri Lanka) at two time points one year apart, in addition to interviews during the course of the year. These four cities allow investigation of the same processes in very different contexts, yet there are sufficient similarities to make comparison worthwhile. All four cities face significant ongoing rural-urban migration, both political conflict and climate change have been important factors encouraging this migration and all four face rapid urban development as a result. This project is conducted in close collaboration with research centres in all four cities. It has also developed in partnership with the Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers) associated with the Migrants on the Margins research programme. The RGS-IBG will provide additional support for the programme through educational outreach and communications expertise. The project will have three main impacts. First, it will generate new knowledge about how rural-urban migration can help to provide a route out of poverty. Second, it will communicate the results of this research to a variety of audiences who will be able to use it to inform new policy interventions. Finally, it will help to build capacity to conduct similar research in the future with international collaborators and community organisations in the research neighbourhoods.

Much commerce in the UK happens in more informal marketplaces than in High Street shops, such as flea markets, record and antique fairs, and auctions. Our aim is to investigate how we decide to trust in an interaction within these marketplaces, and using this information, build technologies and software to support these interactions, ranging from techniques to allow easy tracking of inventories through to enabling participation in distributed auctions. By studying how trust is used in these arenas, we believe we can make a fundamental contribution to how we can build pervasive computing technology that both is, and shows itself to be trustworthy.

Isaac Newton is arguably the greatest mathematical physicist the world has witnessed, being the first discoverer of calculus, the heterogeneity of white light, and Universal Gravitation. However, he was a devout Christian and his first interest was his religious work. When he died in 1727, he left over 3 million words of theology, and over a million words of alchemy. His religious writings were deeply heretical, since at an early age he had come to believe that Jesus Christ was not part of a Holy Trinity. Because he would have become a social pariah, or even been imprisoned if his views had been made public, he kept virtually all of his writings in this area secret, and indeed the bulk of them (now housed in Jerusalem) only came to the attention of scholars in the 1960s. \n\nThe Newton Project was formed in 1998 and is currently based at the University of Sussex, working in partnership with other scholarly groups in the US, Canada, Europe and the UK. Its ambitious long term goal is to publish online everything that Newton ever wrote, along with whatever comments and commentaries on Newton and his work have been published in the last three hundred years. We believe that this is an appropriate monument to a unique individual whose accomplishments are of global significance.\n\nAt an early stage the project set out to publish Newton's theological writings in a pioneering online edition according to exacting scholarly standards. Without compromising the scholarly excellence of our work, the Web allows us to publish materials at a vastly faster rate, and at a greatly reduced expense compared to what is possible with printed works. Unlike printed editions, editors working online can aim to publish every little deletion or blot that Newton made on the page, revising any mistakes along the way. Accordingly, readers of these materials can see a 'diplomatic' transcription, which records all of Newton's marks on a page, or a 'normalised' version, which presents a cleaner version of the same text.\n\nOnly a small percentage of these texts had ever been seen by more than a handful of scholars before we started to publish them. However, with generous support from the AHRC, the project has already made over two million words of these writings freely available to a world wide audience. In this application, the Newton Project proposes to complete the online edition of Newton's religious writings by transcribing and publishing four major documents, currently housed in Jerusalem, Oxford and Geneva. We aim to complete the transcription of Newton's theological writings by the end of 2012. The magnitude of this achievement is indicated by the fact that once complete, they will represent the largest body of 'born digital' text by any individual.\n\nThe completion of the task will allow scholars and non-academic audiences to see the full range of Newton's astonishing theological works, and will allow researchers to tackle the difficult question of how different aspects of his work were related. Did Newton's theological work influence his scientific work, or vice versa? Is his theological work related in any way to his alchemical writings (now available online through the Chymistry of Isaac Newton site at the University of Indiana)? Or are they all separate and 'compartmentalised' activities? \n\nHowever, strenuous efforts have been made by the Newton Project team to make the texts on the site as comprehensible and as accessible as possible to a non-academic audience. An easy to use interface and a 'tour' on the front page allow general readers to sample the most exciting elements of Newton's writings, including extraordinary information taken from his private notebooks. The project is especially interested in tailoring the site's contents to schools and university students.\n\n \n

Science on the buses will take fascinating scientific research out of the universities and museums and put it on regular bus routes. Inspired by the long-running "Poetry on the Underground" project, Science on the Buses will be launched in Brighton, coinciding with the British Science Festival in September 2017. Brighton & Hove buses are providing two bendy buses for one year, which will be transformed into "#physbus" and "#astrobus", and will be used to showcase STFC-funded research in particle physics and astronomy using stunning visuals on the inside and outside of the vehicles. Questions like "What did the LHC ever do for us?", "How do we know what stars are made of?", "What is a byte?", and "Who owns the airwaves?" will be addressed using artwork created by a partnership of professional scientists and artists. Commuters can also get to know local scientists at the University of Sussex through portraits and profiles on the inside of the buses, through short filmed interviews on the web, and through regular pre-announced 'curated' bus journeys, where passengers can ask real scientists any burning questions they have in the fields of physics and astronomy.

This network will take the relatively new field of live coding research to its next development stage and strengthen the UK's position as one of the leading countries in this field. It will bring together researchers from a wide variety of disciplines to explore how live coding can enrich technological engagement in wider culture. Live coding is a new approach to creative expression using computers. In live coding, the innards of software are exposed and rewired through live, direct, and exploratory use of custom made programming languages. Practitioners perform on stage by writing code that generates the audiovisual work; it is a form of real-time notating or scoring music, visuals, dance or robotics. The screen is projected, enabling the audience to follow the development of the code. Since the computer interprets the code live, every edit to the code is immediately reflected in the musical or visual end result. Live coding has a strong pedagogical and performance element, and has proven to be applicable right across the arts, research, and industry. Interest in live coding is growing across science, technology and engineering: the digital arts are uniquely placed in the field of technological innovation, as they place the human experience of programming at the core of technological interaction. Live coding is a field where technological development is arts-led, and where computer languages are seen as rich environments for creative expression. This trans-disciplinary network will bring key researchers and practitioners from diverse disciplines together with the aim of enabling dialogue and research collaboration across academy and industry. The network will serve as a hub for activities in research, development, and education; activities will take place internationally, and be strongly centred within the UK research landscape. Although the network is UK based, it includes leading international researchers in the field, and it will foster for strong international outreach and industry connections, that will support and maintain the UKs leading role as the centre of live coding research and practice. The network will explore themes of live coding in the arts, computing in education, and cultural engagement. This will be investigated through three workshops, one international conference, and diverse publications. Wider cultural impact will be achieved through industry events, musical performances, media engagement, online fora, software releases, and public workshops. The network will disseminate its research to other researchers and the general public through a strong, open access web-presence. The past ten years have seen many exciting developments in live coding, which has matured into an established approach in the digital arts, visible across published literature (including a forthcoming Computer Music Journal special issue), academic conferences, digital arts festivals, and in national and international media. Working with the fundamental premise that everybody can program computers, provided that the goals are interesting and the right tools are available, live coding is uniquely placed to bridge relationships across the educational, academic and industry sectors, and contribute to the recent emphasis on programming in the national curriculum.