The Arctic Ocean and sea ice play a crucial role in regulating the global ocean circulation, weather in the northern hemisphere and the distribution of solar heat. Over the past decades, the Arctic Ocean circulation has changed due to water freshening and a considerable reduction in sea ice extent, which notably risk slowing down heat delivery toward Europe. This work will use global high-resolution simulations and in-situ observations to assess the causes and consequences of projected Arctic Ocean changes in the coming decades.

View on Venus from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared Venus is in size and composition similar to Earth, but inhospitable for life because it is extremely hot and dry. The atmosphere consists of carbon dioxide with sulfuric-acid clouds. The European Space Agency will launch a new spacecraft, EnVision, to study our neighbouring planet in close-up and discover what drives the enormous differences. We will develop a computer-code to simulate observations by EnVision instruments. With this code, we can predict how observations should be taken to minimise the errors and to maximise the amount of atmospheric information that can be retrieved.

Drones for climates doldrum conundrum: Observing mesoscale processes in the ITCZ This project proposes a novel measurement strategy using coordinated drone flights to decode the inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ) by focusing on doldrums, the still-mysterious calm zones at sea. With advanced meteorological drones, the project aims to capture mesoscale phenomena, such as updraft/downdrafts \& cold-pools, and then, relate them to boundary-layer properties within the Atlantic ITCZ. This groundbreaking project promises insights into the complex ITCZ structure and its connection to doldrums. Beyond advancing climate models, these unprecedented measurements will drive innovation in atmospheric observations.

Antarctica is largest uncertainty in sea level rise projections with contributions ranging from -7.5cm to >1m by 2100. Ice shelf weakening due to damage plays an important role, although its impact is still poorly understood.= Therefore, this project will combine remote sensing and big data approaches to assess this impact.

Ongoing long-term changes in ocean tides may have severe consequences for coastal environments and ecological systems. However, our understanding of these changes is limited because the observational input is just obtained from clustered and sparsely distributed coastal tide gauges where local processes dominate. By using the full record of multi-mission satellite radar altimeter data and hydrodynamic models, we will i) map the large-scale patterns of long-term global changes in the main tidal constituents, ii) quantify the contribution of the key drivers, and iii) assess the impact on sediment transport and other key physical processes in the Wadden Sea.