One of the main current challenges in nanosciences is the exploitation of single molecular machines for mechanical applications in the real world. In the proposed project, molecular design, chemical synthesis, theory and STM experiments will be combined to investigate the mechanical properties of single molecular rotors and motors for which we can trigger and control a unidirectional rotation. We will first design and synthesize prototypes of nanowinch integrating our motor capable of towing a large panel of "nanoloads" on a surface. Covering a broad range of loads will allow us to determine the effective mechanical work delivered by this molecular motor. If validated, this strategy could be generalized to test other electrically-addressed molecular motors. In a second part, we will develop original strategies to explore the use of double-decker coordination complexes and polyaromatic hydrocarbons with star-shaped geometries as molecular gears. These studies will be performed on metallic surfaces at very low temperature and on semi-conducting surfaces at room temperature. The transfer of a rotation movement in a train of gears, as well as the laws governing the mechanics of such movements, will be studied.

The Amazonian rainforest is one of the largest carbon sinks on Earth, sequestrating annually 0.42–0.65 PgC, but its status is questioned by the rapid disruption caused by climate change. In this region, the productivity of the Amazon rainforest may be limited by the low availability of nutrients provided by the highly weathered soils on which the vegetation grows. The role of external atmospheric inputs in sustaining the Amazon rainforest for millions of years is still debatable. These aerosols are characterized by their richness in essential elements such as K, P, and metals. On a geological timescale, the influence of atmospheric fallout on the functioning of the critical zone is also questioned, particularly as these contributions are often ignored in the geochemical balance of erosion and weathering fluxes on a watershed scale. The ATMO-GEO project is merging a unique scientific consortium, critical zone geochemists, and scientists in atmospheric chemistry and physics to quantify the impact of atmospheric inputs on the geochemical functioning of the Amazon basin. In South America, the most intense period of atmospheric inputs prevails during the boreal winter through the easterlies winds when the Intertropical Convergence Zone is at its southern position, transferring massive amounts of dust from the Saharan-Sahelian region, together with biomass burning soot from Northern tropical Africa. During the rest of the year, inputs are lower, but the atmospheric flux is not negligible, particularly regarding inputs of easily soluble and, therefore, bioavailable elements via soot. Within the ATMO-GEO project, aerosols and deposition will be targeted through an ambitious and unique sampling. Aerosols, total deposition, and the soluble-insoluble fractions of rainfall at the scale of a rain event will be collected simultaneously at two separate sites, one coastal in French Guiana and the other continental, 1000 km to the southeast, near Manaus in Brazil. Integrated over several seasons, several years, and at different frequencies (from a single rainfall event to a full year), these data will enable us to integrate, over the long term, the temporal variability of aerosol and deposition composition, as well as the potential changes affecting them during their transit from coastal to continental regions of the Amazon basin. Since this aerosol composition can vary according to the season, to the dust emission sources in North Africa, or to aerosol penetration into continental areas, extensive geochemical, isotopic, and mineralogical studies will be applied to characterize the different types of aerosols, determine the main sources of North African dust and target their solubility patterns. In addition, total and element-specific deposition will be quantified at both observatories, along with the soluble and insoluble fractions of these elements in rainfall, to estimate annual deposition fluxes. Extrapolation of deposition rates from two single sites to the Amazon basin scale will be carried out using an updated version of the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model, which will consider the deposition's chemical composition as a model input. The importance of atmospheric inputs in the Amazonian geochemical equilibrium will be estimated by comparing them with the rates of denudation (erosion + weathering) documented throughout the Amazon basin. In addition to its scientific dimension, this project also has a local dimension, with a strong desire from public authorities to understand these atmospheric input dynamics better to adapt their policies, particularly regarding health.

Reproductive behaviours vary greatly, not only between, but also within species. Yet, how specific neural circuits evolve to generate natural behavioural variation within species still remains poorly understood. In particular, the precise genetic changes that modulate cellular and developmental architectures of reproductive systems remain unclear. Here we will focus on the simple egg-laying circuit of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans as a powerful model system to study natural microevolutionary (intraspecific) variability. Our analysis of 278 natural isolates shows that C. elegans exhibits substantial natural genetic variation in egg-laying behaviour. Hence, past research on the laboratory strain N2 has captured only a fraction of the evolutionary plasticity defining this biological system. In this project, we will ask how partially redundant mechanisms at multiple levels of neural circuit organization – genetic, cellular, electrical, anatomical – evolve and how they translate into behavioural variation. Aim 1 will characterize the molecular basis of natural variation using genome-wide association and linkage mapping to identify natural molecular variants explaining behavioural differences. In Aim 2, we will apply a complementary molecular-cellular approach to gain a more complete overview of natural variability in the egg-laying circuit. Specifically, we will use state-of-the-art genetic (CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing) and quantitative imaging methods to systematically compare neuroanatomy, neuronal signalling and electrical phenotypes in isolates with different behaviours. Finally, in aim 3, we will develop high-resolution quantitative behavioural analyses using innovative video-tracking methods to combine our genetic, cellular, functional and behavioural data into an integrated view of evolutionary variability. This project is based on extensive preliminary data and involves three academic and one industrial partner with highly complementary expertise in evolutionary and developmental genetics, cell biology, neurosciences and behavioural imaging technology. Our results will help to understand the molecular-cellular basis of microevolutionary changes in behaviour to generate much-needed insight into how a cellular signalling network can accommodate natural genetic variation.