The Centre's themes align with the 'Towards A Data Driven Future' and 'Enabling Intelligence' priority areas, meeting the needs identified by UKRI to provide a highly skilled - and in demand - workforce focused on ensuring positive, human-centred benefits accrued from innovations in data driven and intelligence-based systems. The Centre has a distinct and methodologically challenging "people-first" perspective: unlike an application-orientated approach (where techniques are applied to neatly or simplistically defined problems, sometimes called "solutionism"), this lens will ensure that intense, multi-faceted and iterative explorations of the needs, capabilities and values of people, and wider societal views, challenge and disrupt computational science. In a world of big data and artificial intelligence, the precious smallness of real individuals with their values and aspirations are easily overlooked. Even though the impact of data-driven approaches and intelligence are only beginning to be felt at a human scale, there are already signs of concern over what these will mean for life, with governments and others worldwide addressing implications for education, jobs, safety and indeed even what is unique in being human. Sociologists, economists and policy makers of course have a role in ensuring positive outcomes for people and society of data-driven and intelligence systems; but, computational scientists have a pivotal duty too. Our viewpoint, then, will always see the human as a first-class citizen in the future physical-digital world, not perceiving themselves as outwitted, devalued or marginalised by the expanding capabilities of machine computation, automation and communication. Swansea and the wider region of Wales is a place and community where new understandings of data science and machine intelligence are being formed within four challenging contexts defined in the Internet Coast City Deal: Life Science and Well-being; Smart Manufacturing; Smart and Sustainable Energy; and Economic Acceleration. Studies commissioned by the City Deal and BEIS evidence the science and innovation strengths in Swansea and region in these areas and indicate how transformational investments in these areas will be for the region and the UK. Our Centre will, then, immerse cohorts in these contexts to challenge them methodologically and scientifically. The use of data-driven and intelligence systems in each of the four contexts gives rise to security, privacy and wider ethical, legal, governance and regulatory issues and our Centre also has a cross-cutting theme to train students to understand, accommodate and shape current and future developments in these regards. Cohort members will work to consider how the Centre's challenge themes direct and drive their thinking about data and intelligence, benefitting from both the multidisciplinary team that have built strong research agendas and connections with each of the contexts and the rich set of stakeholders that are our Centre has assembled. Importantly, a process of pivoting between challenge themes will be applied: insights, methods and challenges from one theme and its research projects will be tested and extended in others with the aim of enriching all. These, along with several other mechanisms (such as intra- and inter-cohort sandpits and side projects) are designed to develop a powerful bonding and shaping "cohort effect". The need for and value of our Centre is evidenced by substantial external industrial investment we have have secured: £1,750,000 of cash and £4,136,050 in-kind (total:£5,886,050). These partners and stakeholders have helped create the vision and detail of the proposal and include: Vint Cerf ("father of the internet" and Vice President of Google); NHS; Pfizer; Tata Steel; Ford; QinetiQ; McAfee; Ordnance Survey; Facebook; IBM; Microsoft; Fujitsu; Worshipful Company of IT Spiritual and Ethical Panel; and, Vicki Hanson (CEO, Association of Computing Machinery).

Developers spend most of their time maintaining code, with little tool support. To maintain code, one must understand it. Clear code is easier to read and understand, and therefore less expensive and risky to evolve and maintain; it is also notoriously difficult to write. We will help developers write clearer code to speed maintenance, and increase developer productivity. Source code unites two channels - the programming language and natural language - to describe algorithms. LUCID will advance the state of the art in software engineering by developing new analyses that exploit the interconnections between these channels to find uninformative names, stale comments, and bugs that manifest as discrepancies between the two channels.

Users want mobile devices that appear fast and responsive, but at the same time have long lasting batteries and do not overheat. Achieving both of these at once is difficult. The workloads employed to evaluate mobile optimisations are rarely representative of real mobile applications and are oblivious to user perception, focussing only on performance. As a result hardware and software designers' decisions do not respect the user's Quality of Experience (QoE). The device either runs faster than necessary for optimal QoE, wasting energy, or the device runs too slowly, spoiling QoE. SUMMER will develop the first framework to record, replay, and analyse mobile workloads that represent and measure real user experience. Our work will expose for the first time the real Pareto trade-off between the user's QoE and energy consumption. The results of this project will permit others, from computer architects up to library developers, to make their design decisions with QoE as their optimisation target. To show the power of this new approach, we will design the first energy efficient operating system scheduler for heterogeneous mobile processors which takes QoE into account. With heterogeneous mobile processors just now entering the market, a scheduler able to use them optimally is urgently needed. We expect our scheduler to be at least 50% more energy efficient on average than the standard Linux scheduler on an ARM BIG.LITTLE system.

Programming is hard. Adding new functionality to an existing, large, and perhaps poorly-understood system is a challenge, even for the most competent human programmer. Despite much progress in software development environments, programming still includes many human activities that are dull, unproductive and tedious. The GGGP project is motivated by the frustration often expressed as questions such as "Why do software engineers spend so long repeatedly performing the same tedious low level software development tasks?" and "How many times do programmers work out how to express the idea of null pointer checking in a particular context or adapt existing code for searching an iterated data structure?" We want to find a radically new approach to software development, supported by automated search that, we believe, will yield a dramatic reduction in development time. We propose a new approach to software development: Grow and Graft Genetic Programming (GGGP), in which a new feature is grown (using genetic programming) and subsequently grafted into an existing system. This grow and graft development approach aims to reduce the amount of tedious effort required by human programmer in order to develop and add new functionality into an existing system. Our initial proof of concept work found that surprisingly little human guidance and domain knowledge is required from the programmer to guide Grow and Graft Genetic Programming. We therefore believe that it can radically change programming, making it faster and less error prone, with a consequent transformative effect on the software industry. We also believe it may make it more enjoyable to a wider range of people, with potentially transformative impact on the wider public involvement in (and understanding of) software development. Our approach can be best understood in the context of the recent trend in Search Based Software Engineering (SBSE) called "genetic improvement", which uses existing code as "genetic material" that helps to automatically improve existing software systems, which has achieved several recent notable breakthroughs, such as speed ups of 7 to 70 times on real-world systems, human competitive results in optimising constraint solvers, and automated bug fixing and repair work on existing systems.

Observed, Strategic, sustained action is now needed to avoid further negative consequences of climate change and to build a greener, cleaner and fairer future. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change the rise in global temperature is largely driven by total carbon dioxide emissions over time. In order to avoid further global warming, international Governments agreed to work towards a balance between emissions and greenhouse gas removal (GGR), known 'net zero', in the Paris Agreement. In June 2019 the UK committed to reaching net zero emissions by 2050, making it the first G7 country to legislate such a target. Transitioning to net zero means that we will have to remove as many emissions as we produce. Much of the focus of climate action to date has been on reducing emissions, for example through renewable power and electric vehicles. However, pathways to net zero require not just cutting fossil fuel emissions but also turning the land into a net carbon sink and scaling up new technologies to remove and store greenhouse gases. This will require new legislation to pave the way for investment in new infrastructure and businesses expected to be worth billions of pounds a year within 30 years. This challenge has far-reaching implications for technology, business models, social practices and policy. GGR has been much less studied, developed and incentivised than actions to cut emissions. The proposed CO2RE Hub brings together leading UK academics with a wide range of expertise to co-ordinate a suite of GGR demonstration projects to accelerate progress in this area. In particular the Hub will study how we can (1) reduce technology costs so that GGR becomes economically viable; (2) ensure industry adopts the concept of net zero in a way that will maintain and create jobs; (3) put in place sensible policy incentives; (4) make sure there is social license for GGR (unlike fracking or nuclear); (5) set up regulatory oversight of environmental sustainability and risks of GGR; (6) understand what is required to achieve GGR at large scale and (7) guarantee there are the skills and knowledge required for all this to happen. Building on extensive existing links to stakeholders in business, Government and NGOs, the Hub will work extensively with everyone involved in regulating and delivering GGR to ensure our research provides solutions to strategic priorities. We will also encourage the teams working on demonstrator technologies to think responsibly about the risks, benefits and public perceptions of their work and consider the full environmental, social and economic implications of implementation from the outset. CO2RE will seek to bring the GGR community in the UK as a whole closer together, functioning as a gateway to UK inter-disciplinary research expertise on GGR. We will inform, and stay informed, about the latest developments nationally and internationally, and reach out to engage the wider public. In doing so we will be able to respond to a rapidly evolving landscape recognising that technical and social change are not separate, but happen together. To accelerate and achieve meaningful change, we will be guided by consultation with key decision-makers and the general public, and set up a £1m flexible fund to respond to priorities that emerge with the help of the wider UK academic community. Ultimately we will help the UK and the world understand how GGR can be scaled up responsibly as part of climate action to meet the ambition of net zero.