PROCIT is a project backed by an international, multidisciplinary network around the topic of “Local identities in the Mediterranean” and is intended to explore the theme of citizenship from the perspective of property and the rights pertaining thereto. It will focus on the modern era. This project is intended as a contribution to research on processes of social integration and the nature of the socio-economic and legal inequalities that determine the direction of that integration and are, simultaneously, its products. Two decisions in particular characterize this project: the decision to deal with the connected dimensions of citizenship, integration, and inequalities in the longue durée history of Mediterranean societies (from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries); and the decision to situate these themes in a deliberately comparative perspective, on the basis of research carried out in Europe, North Africa, Palestine, Egypt, and the Ottoman Empire. The eighteenth scholars working together on the PROCIT project are from institutions rooted in these different countries. Together, they can already boast a shared experience of work and collaboration. The notion of citizenship considered in this project does not refer to the formal political prerogatives of which nation-state members can avail themselves, but rather to the set of rights to which one has access as a result of acknowledged belonging to a particular place. These rights conferred by belonging, in the societies we wish to analyze, are the point of origin of differential access to resources (such as the market, property, credit, work, charity, etc.), which structure the social scale. The term “citizenship” thus refers to a status where access rights to resources encounter the social recognition of these rights as well as the ability to claim them. Our research is thus focused on the processes that have produced this status in different societies north and south of the Mediterranean. In this project, property has appeared as a fundamental variable shared by different societies. In modern societies, the notion of property refers to a vast semantic field, which cannot be reduced to material wealth alone. Differential access to property rights not only outlines economic hierarchies or symbolic primacies; it also creates prerogatives that occupy individuals more broadly. In a wide range of cases, the condition of “citizen” or subject of a central authority is closely linked to the recognition of one’s capacity to access property or to transmit it. In modern societies of the northern and southern Mediterranean, relations to things create social statuses, relations, and ties, and grant access to rights related to belonging. The ability to exercise property rights traces the outline of local communities, and, as a result, of wider territorial communities. Access to property, in that sense, is an essential phase in every process of social integration. This major investigation into citizenship in the northern and southern Mediterranean requires painstaking comparative analysis. The comparison implemented here avoids culturalism entirely and is based on reasoned, methodologically informed empiricism. It will explore an original method, based on sources. This method must allow us to grasp practice as closely as possible to the documentary systems that shape and show them. This will allow the researchers to build a relevant questionnaire and explanatory framework together. This method requires close coordination among scholars, who will choose among three thematic axes: access to the market; creating trusts (“off-market” goods); and finally, wealth transmission practices. Two historians specialized in each theme in the northern and southern Mediterranean will coordinate each axis and organize the comparative work.

Mediterranean Rainfed Agrosystems (MRAs) provide various environmental and economic services of importance such as food production, preservation of employment and local knowhow, downstream water delivery or mitigation of rural exodus. These services have progression margins, thus making investments in such agrosystems highly profitable. In the meantime, expected climate change combined with demography and market pressures threaten MRA future abilities to satisfy the aforementioned services. In the context of mitigating the pressures induced by global change, ALMIRA aims to explore the modulation of landscape mosaics within MRAs to optimize landscape services. Following recommendations from think-tank IAASTD (2008), significant advances are expected by reasoning spatial organizations of land uses and cropping systems. ALMIRA proposes a threefold conceptualization of landscape mosaics as i) networks of natural and anthropogenic elements that result from biophysical and socio-economic processes within a resource governance catchment, ii) structures that impact landscape fluxes from the agricultural field to the catchment extent, with consequences on the resulting functions and services, and iii) a possible lever for managing agricultural catchments by compromising on agricultural production and on preservation of soil and water resources. To explore this new lever, ALMIRA proposes to design, implement and test a new Integrated Assessment Modelling approach that explicitly i) includes innovations and action means into prospective scenarii for landscape evolutions, and ii) addresses landscape mosaics and processes of interest from the agricultural field to the resource governance catchment. This requires tackling methodological challenges in relation to i) the design of spatially explicit landscape evolution scenarii, ii) the coupling of biophysical processes related to agricultural catchment hydrology, iii) the digital mapping of landscape properties and iv) the economic assessment of the landscape services. The new Integrated Assessment Modelling approach is implemented and tested within three catchments located in France, Morocco and Tunisia. Beyond the obtaining of significant advances in the aforementioned methodological domains, and the understanding of landscape functioning and services for the considered catchments, outcomes are expected to help in revisiting former recommendations at the levels of agricultural field and resource governance catchment, and in identifying new levers that improve MRA management at the intermediate level of landscape mosaics. ALMIRA gathers French, Moroccan and Tunisian researchers involved in a large range of scientific disciplines: hydrology, physical geography, climatology, pedology, remote sensing, spatial statistics, agronomy, agro-economy, sociology, agricultural and environmental economy. One of the major challenges of the project is to make all these disciplines converging towards a reproducible transdisciplinary approach.

Industrialcitizenshiprediscovered: the workrootings of politicalagency, past and present Is‘industrial citizenship’ an outdated concept? This project proposes to give a negative answer to this question by exploring how industrial citizenship has always changed, following the transformations of economic, social and political contexts, and by crossingviewpoints of political science, economy and sociology. The main objective of the project is to reopen a research agenda on industrial citizenship, detached from normative references to "democracy" or "pluralism".Indeed, if academics are often interested in corporate power and companies’ influence on policy makers or democratic politics, there is a lack of scientific knowledge concerning how they “produce” citizens and “frame” citizenship. Yet the current blurring of the boundaries between the spheres of political and economic activity requiresto rework the definition of rights as well as the boundaries of the community of citizens, without limiting ourselves to a purelylegal concept of citizenship. Our main working hypothesis is that ‘industrial citizenship’ is a disputed concept, which confronts opposed and ever-evolving discourses. Thus, we will study these various and competing definitions and practices of industrial citizenship. Our second working hypothesis is that ‘industrial citizenship’ is a fruitful concept to study how political behaviors are embedded in the workplace. The work experience and the work environment profoundly and durably shape the identities, representations and practices of social actors, even in their relationship to citizenship outside labor relations, and this hypothesis sheds light on the second objective of the project: to de-compartmentalize the study of industrial citizenship. Thus, industrial citizenship can be grasped at the level of a firm or an institution, as many historians and sociologists specialized in industrial relations have already done, but also at the level of a territory. We will study the way in which industrial citizenship is shaped both "from above", i.e. by the policies of the management of companies and state authorities, and "from below ", i.e. by the workers themselves and their representatives, and also by the actors (political, associative, and so on) of the territories in which these processes take place. First, using an approach inspired by political and intellectual history, we will investigate the discourse of employers, the state and workers about industrial citizenship in France. A second empirical study will be devoted to the practices of industrial citizenship. The use of public statistical data will allow us to establish an overview of industrial citizenship practices in contemporary France. Then with three qualitative monographs we will move from (objectified) practices to the (subjective) experiences of industrial citizenship. Finally, we willexplore industrial citizenship through a collective and multi-sited field survey in a large French company located abroad. It will involve studying the firm from the multiple disciplinary points of view (sociology, economics, political science), specializations (corporate management, public action, workers' participation and unionism) and locations (France and Tunisia) that allows our researchconsortium.