This study will utilize household survey data from 4 African and Asian countries (Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Pakistan and Rwanda) to examine in depth and on a comparable basis the evolving nature of female labour supply in low income countries over the past 2-3 decades, and to analyse how this has been associated with poverty reduction. We address primarily research question 1 from the call for proposals, the factors enabling households to escape from or stay out of poverty, although institutional factors (question 2) also play an important role in this analysis. The choice of countries and similarity of approach enables comparability within and between Africa and South Asia. The roles of women, including in relation to work, are often quite different between countries; and the countries have varying degrees of success in poverty reduction. The analysis draws on repeated cross section household surveys, Demographic Health Survey (DHS) data and household panel data sets. Underlying our research questions is the widely accepted fact that secure productive labour market activities are key to enable a household to escape from and stay out of poverty. We suggest that the labour market activities of women in poor households may play a key role here, whether as secondary household workers or heads in their own right. Historically females have been less able to engage in work or in more productive forms of work, representing a lost resource for the household. This situation is changing across the world; girls are now educated to higher levels, and norms which constrained female labour market activities are now less strong. A process which started in now-advanced countries is also happening in poorer countries. This affects both the extent to which women are able to work and the type of activities they can undertake. That said, it remains the case in poor countries that much female work, especially in poorer households, plays a buffering role, seeking to support the household in the face of shocks. Over time this is likely to change. The focus here is on different aspects of labour supply and how their evolution over a 20-30 year time period; we will consider participation, hours, nature of work (wage or self-employment, within or outside the household, sector, occupation etc.), and adoption of productivity enhancing measures. We will disaggregate by household type according to many criteria (geographic, socioeconomic status, household size and composition etc.). We will use the survey data to examine in detail, using a cohort approach, the associations between increased or changing female labour supply and poverty reduction, which has taken place in all countries, controlling for many other correlates. We are particularly interested in examining the transition of female work from a buffering role to a longer term income generating role. This will partly be apparent from the descriptive analysis; but we will also consider this more analytically by estimating short and long run female labour supply income elasticities and examining how they have changed over time in each country. This can shed light on the institutional and policy factors that facilitate the transition. Potentially relevant to this transition is that all our study countries are implementing social protection interventions, which in three of the study countries takes the form of workfare. Although such programmes facilitate the buffering role of female labour, they may also help women acquire longer term jobs. We will investigate this in the context of the Vision 2020 Umurenge Programme (VUP) which has been operational in Rwanda since 2008. Our very strong team of local partners will play a leading role in this project, in close partnership with Sussex researchers. And there is strong policy interest in these questions in all four countries and internationally; in all countries we will involve and work alongside key stakeholder from the beginning.

The ability to supply small amounts of power over long periods of time is becoming increasingly important in many applications including: microelectromechanical system technologies; implantable medical devices such as neurostimulators e.g. to alleviate the effects of Parkinson's disease or chronic pain; embedded electronics and sensors; as well as various defence and security applications. The core aim of this proposal is to produce a commercially viable robust, miniature and high-efficiency radioisotope microbattery for microelectronics to be deployed in inaccessible or hostile environments.

Currently developing an alternative approach for quantum information processing with trapped ions where quantum gates are executed by the application of voltages on an ion trap quantum computing microchip replacing laser beams required for quantum gate implementation.

"This is My face: Re-signifying HIV stigma through participatory visual methods" explores how people create meaning of the "biographical disruption" caused by an HIV diagnosis, within a context that limits opportunities for sense-making. When confronted with "existential uncertainty", sharing narratives with others becomes a crucial strategy to understand and create meaning. Although in the UK there is strong advocacy to end HIV stigma, in other countries like Chile, stigma is reinforced; which prevents people from sharing experiences with others. My project explores the possibilities of pioneering visual methods as a way to facilitate the narratives of people living with HIV in contexts where their expression is limited. As part of this PDF, I will produce a series of outcomes around HIV narratives, looking at collaborating with a wide range of audiences, and consolidating my PhD work extensively. First, I will produce a visual monograph (based on my unpublished PhD photo-book) which will weave autobiographical photos and texts created by people living with HIV in Chile as part of my PhD. This monograph will highlight the need of narratives for sense-making and expand existing knowledge on the intersections of visual and medical anthropology. There is no academic text dealing with HIV stigma in Latin America through visual participatory methods. The monograph will be pioneering in this specific field, and will target a wide audience including academics, HIV organisations, and relevant stakeholders. It will be pitched to publishers such as Routledge who can reach with and beyond academia, and later to Verso and Pittsburg. By producing a multimedia website to disseminate research findings, I will create a platform for collaboration between people living with HIV, scholars, and relevant stakeholders. I will mobilise my existing networks to contribute to the website's visibility and content: Global Fund Partnership Forum, UNAIDS, academic research groups, HIV organisations in Chile and the UK, among others. I will co-organise two workshops: one in Chile with Association for the Wellbeing of People Living with HIV, and one in the UK with UNAIDS Fast-Track city in Brighton. The workshops will expand public engagement and promote knowledge exchange, while strengthening local approaches to promote HIV sense-making at national and international levels. I have collaborated extensively with these organisations, and they are keen to co-design the events and welcome a wide range of stakeholders to further influence policy. By producing two journal articles and presenting at world-leading conferences, I will disseminate findings related to my pioneering method, contributing to discussions around methodological approaches to HIV, and offering opportunities for further analysis on HIV narratives. Through the collaboration with the UN Fast-Track City Project for HIV prevention in Brighton, I will produce an important site for knowledge transfer and impact of my work. Additionally-considering the wide work on Medical and Visual Anthropology at Sussex and Goldsmiths-we will lay ground for a multi-sited research grant bid about experiences of illness through participatory methods, bringing together researchers from the Centre for Cultures of Reproduction, Technologies and Health (CORTH), Centre for Innovation and Research in Childhood and Youth (CIRCY) and the Institute for Development Studies (IDS). This project is timely and urgent (see Case for Support), and by connecting a wide range of audiences, I will extend the impact of my public engagement work, expand on knowledge transfer, and lay ground for academic continuity and further research collaborations. Sussex will be the perfect environment to enrich these outcomes, by collaborating with Dr. Paul Boyce and Prof. Day and with other colleagues at Sussex and Goldsmiths who are producing research in the same field, and/or with similar interdisciplinary and ethical considerations.