Agricultural soils are depleted in organic carbon (OC) and have the potential to sequester substantial amounts of C, contributing to climate change mitigation. An increase in soil organic carbon (SOC) has additional bene?ts, including improvements in soil fertility, water retention and texture, which supports crop productivity and biodiversity. Restoring and maintaining SOC can be achieved by adopting management practices which increase C sequestration and stabilize C in the soil matrix. Common management practices for increasing SOC include the use of external or internally recycled OC inputs (e.g., organic amendments/fertilizers, biochar, plant litter, residues), alternative cropping options (e.g., continuous green cover, cover crops) or measures that reduce OC losses (e.g., reduced tillage, adapted grazing). Conversely, these management practices have the potential to increase greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by stimulating decomposition of previously sequestered C and N increasing CO2 and N2O emissions. Mechanisms and drivers behind increased GHG emissions and their interactions with OC sequestration under di?erent soil and climatic conditions are not well constrained, partly because little is known about how abiotic and biotic factors control the extent to which soils can store OC. Quantifying negative side-e?ects of increased soil C sequestration on GHG emissions is necessary to develop appropriate management options that reduce GHGs while increasing soil C stocks. The main goal of TRUESOIL is to assess how GHG emissions from agricultural production systems are in?uenced by varying OC inputs for contrasting soil types and climates (i.e. boreal, temperate, Mediterranean and semi-oceanic). We will elucidate the roles of di?erent abiotic and biotic factors in OC storage and the extent to which these factors impact on GHG emissions, in particular N2O, given its high warming potential and large uncertainty in ?ux estimates. Many C-augmenting management interventions are known, or have the potential, to modify soil N cycling leading to enhanced N2O emissions. To understand potential trade-o?s between OC storage and GHG emissions, we combine intensive measurements of GHG ?uxes with carbon-nitrogen cycling studies and microbiological analyses. Comparison of soils that are SOC saturated with those that continue to accumulate SOC will aid in the identi?cation of the major drivers. Using rainfall exclusion experiments, we will also examine the future impact of reductions in precipitation on interactions between SOC accumulation and GHG emissions. TRUESOIL will establish a data repository of past and ongoing research on management-climate interrelationships between GHG emissions and soil SOC sequestration; it will also provide information on the factors likely to in?uence trade-o?s between SOC sequestration and GHG ?uxes, including pedoclimatic conditions, management interventions, soil microbial community composition and C/N budgets (WP1). The repository will serve as basis for overall project activities; examine the impacts of rainfall exclusion on SOC sequestration and GHG emissions (WP2); investigate the role of microbial communities in SOC sequestration and N2O emissions (WP3); and use modelling studies to examine C-N interactions and tradeo?s to identify management options that can maximize SOC sequestration whilst minimizing impacts on soil GHG emissions (WP4). TRUESOIL will then synthesize the scienti?c outcomes and translate them to climate-smart management practices (WP5) which will be disseminated and communicated among the scienti?c community, stakeholders and the general public (WP6). This project will lead to an increased understanding of how environmental factors and management control OC sequestration, SOC persistence and stabilization and how this is linked to GHG emissions, opening up new possibilities for soil-speci?c and climate mitigation strategies.

This project aims at the control of wave properties through the control of disorder, an objective that can be achieved with waves that propagate in macroscopic media. It builds on a fruitful Chilean-French collaboration that goes back ten years, that has provided a solid theoretical backbone to our understanding of wave propagation in complex media. In addition, both sides have developed a close interaction with experimental groups in their respective countries. This proposal raises the ongoing collaboration to a new level of ambition, by bringing the experimental groups into a jointly articulated initiative. Research activities will be both of a theoretical and experimental nature, and carried out symmetrically in Chile and France. There will be significant cross-talk among the various participants in the different labs and countries, reflecting the existing culture of collaboration. Extensive use will be made of current communications technology to link the various groups, and face-to-face meetings will be organized to enable the type of communication that can only be achieved through personal, collective contact. The propagation of waves in complex media is a vast subject. Particularly, lack of quantitative understanding, much less control, of the role of disorder, hampers progress in many fields, from the technology of amorphous semiconductors, to the control of turbulence in fluids, to the characterization of granular materials in the mining, food, and pharmaceutical industries. In this proposal, two specific topics have been chosen for research: 1) Wave propagation in slightly disordered periodic media, and 2) Effect of nonlinearities on wave propagation through disordered media. Available theory will be revisited and expanded as needed and suggested by currently available numerical capabilities and experimental hardware. Specific experiments will be performed with centimetric microwaves in a metallo-dielectric metamaterial; with acoustic waves in a wave guide endowed with a chain of resonators; with surface waves on a fluid, and with ultrasonic waves in solid materials. The criteria that have been used to arrive at these topics are: A) Familiarity of proposers with one or several recently developed, and available, technologies that enable unique data-gathering capabilities. B) Ease of control of disorder in the propagating medium. C) Close relation between theoretical and experimental capabilities of proposers. D) Track record of successful collaboration among participants.

The study of minimal Cantor systems and zero entropy dynamical systems provided recently striking results. Topological full groups of minimal subshifts provide finitely generated groups with original properties: they are simple, amenable, may have intermediate growth for some zero entropy subshifts. Frantzikinakis-Host proved the Sarnak conjecture for the logarithmic average and zero entropy dynamical systems with at most countably many invariant measures. Adamczewski-Bugeaud constructed transcendantal numbers from zero entropy subshifts. Hence a deep understanding of zero entropy systems is of particular importance by itself and for other topics like number, group theory but also for applications to quasicristallography, computer science or statistical physics. Despite substantial efforts to understand zero entropy and although many families are well understood few general results have been obtained. We aim to unify parts of existing results and to go deeper into zero entropy.

The widespread reintroduction of crops and livestock could make a major contribution to the development of the wider EU circular (agricultural) economy and contribute to sustainable growth, through the more effective recycling of materials and resources, the minimization of waste, and a reduction in external supplies of feed and synthetic fertilizers, with potential biodiversity, environmental and soil health benefits. However, this comes with significant challenges, including the potential for enhanced GHG emissions, particularly methane emissions, from enteric fermentation, land degradation due to over grazing and water pollution as well as the need to effectively substitute all/most inorganic fertilizers with organic manures. Organic amendments applied to land could conversely result in enhanced GHG emissions, particular nitrous oxide emissions, unless these are managed appropriately and the necessity to store large amounts of organic manures/wastes may also be problematic, given their links to environmental pollution and GHG emissions. Additional complications could arise due to associated modifications in land use, including a shift from a grass-based to a forage/alternative crop-based diet, altered grazing practices and increased competition between food and animal feed or the use of biogas or bioenergy crops. Another key issue is the economic consequences of reintroducing livestock and whether the necessary incentives are available for them to be taken up by farmers. Whilst mixed farming systems were previously common and economically viable, new developments will require them to be matched with current production and market conditions and the availability of suitable value chains and business models to ensure their long-term viability. To address this, we have assembled a multi-actor inter-disciplinary research team, with wide ranging expertise in the whole animal-crop supply chain and its environmental impact, which will take a holistic approach to the sustainable reintegration of livestock and cropping systems. Particular attention will be directed at livestock type and management (WP2), the appropriate use and storage of manures (WP2), crop choice, including direct grazing of crops and/or their residues, the use of afforestation/agroforestry (WP4) as an alternative grazing option and to increase soil carbon, as well as and how this information can be integrated into decision support tools for identifying the best options for farmers (WP5). Importantly, we will assess the use of alternative livestock dietary feed sources that have the potential to reduce enteric methane production coupled with novel investigations on a mechanistic asessment of the ability of soils to oxidise methane, and how this information can be utilized to improve whole farm methane budgets. Critical to this approach is an ability to monitor and validate any management options (WP6) on the net GHG budgets and their economic consequences (WP7), as well as the effective dissemination of the results for practical implementation by policy makers, stakeholders, farmers and other end users (WP8). Stakeholder engagement will play an important role in realising the benefits of any modifications that are identified to both increase circularity whilst also minimizing the environmental footprint of mixed farming systems. All this will feed into a project-specific data repository (WP1) and, together with the identification of management options that avoid the negative impacts of livestock integration, will have benefits beyond the lifetime of the project.