Supplementary data 1. Surveyed vineyards: characterization, management, climatological data, and abiotic factors. • Table S1. Characterization of the 80 vineyards surveyed in early autumn of 2019. • Table S2. Pesticide application schedule for integrated pest management. • Figure S1. Monthly precipitations in DOCa Rioja region in 2019. Supplementary data 2. Development, optimization, and implementation of the qPCR toolkit. • Table S3. Soil organisms identified from sucrose-gradient centrifugation isolates. • Table S4. Steinernematid populations used in cross-amplification tests for Steinernema sp. affine-group. Supplementary data 3. Results • Table S5. Descriptive and statistics of abiotic factors. • Table S6. Bivariate Pearson correlation tests among soil properties and environmental variables. • Figure S2. DNA abundance of soil samples extracted through sucrose-gradient centrifugation. • Figure S3. Frequencies of occurrences of soil organisms isolated through sucrose-gradient centrifugation. • Table S7. Statistics of abundance and frequency of occurrence of soil organisms isolated through sucrose-gradient centrifugation. • Table S8. Statistics of soil activity rates. • Figure S4. Effect of different vineyard managements on the soil activity associated with larval mortality in insect-baits. • Figure S5. Effect of different vineyard managements on soil activities associated with nematode emergences in insect-baits.

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