Benchmarking Individual Tree Age Estimation from 3D Point Clouds 📌 Overview The FOR-age dataset is a large-scale, multi-source collection of individual tree point clouds paired with tree age information, designed to support research in forest remote sensing, ecology, and 3D deep learning. It enables the development and benchmarking of models that estimate tree age non-destructively from 3D laser scanning data (TLS, MLS, high-density ALS) This dataset accompanies the Remote Sensing of Environment study by Puliti et al. (2026) . If you use this dataset, please cite the original paper📜: Puliti, S., Xiang, B., Wielgosz, M., Handegard, E., Cattaneo, N., Vergarechea, M., Gobakken, T., Hyyppä, J., Næsset, E., Vastaranta, M., Yrttimaa, T., Astrup. 2026 FOR-age: Benchmarking individual tree age estimation using 3D deep learning on dense laser scanning data. Remote Sensing of Environment 342, 115462 🌍 Dataset Description ~1,775 tree point clouds ~992 individual trees 2 species: Norway spruce (Picea abies) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) Age range: 1 – 348 years Mean age: ~53 years Geographic coverage: Norway, Sweden, Finland Multi-sensor data: Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) Mobile Laser Scanning (MLS) High-density Airborne Laser Scanning (ALSHD) The dataset is sensor-agnostic, enabling robust model development across varying point cloud densities and acquisition modalities . 🧪 Data Collection Tree age was obtained using three approaches: Increment coring / destructive sampling (~61%) Whorl counting from point clouds (~36%) Known planting year (~2%) Point clouds were manually segmented at the individual tree level. 🧬 Dataset Composition Dataset Country Trees Point Clouds Age Range Handegard2021 Norway 44 44 70–348 Skar Norway 41 41 43–70 Lillomarka Norway 133 266 18–223 PathFinder Norway 41 57 8–209 Evo Finland 335 667 28–175 LongTerm Norway 25 25 67 Valer Norway 371 674 1–48 🗂️ Data Structure train/│tree_1.laz│tree_2.laz│tree_n.lazval/│tree_11.laz│tree_12.laz│tree_n.lazFORage_tree_metadata_train_val.csv Notes: Each file in train/ val/ and test/represents a single tree point cloud Tree age labels are provided only for the training and validation data A withheld test set of labels is used for benchmarking (see Codabench benchmarking instuctions below) 🔀 Data Splitting The dataset is split into: Train (70%) Validation (15%) Test (15%, withheld) Splitting is: Plot-level (ensures spatial independence) Stratified by: Age class (10-year bins) Dominant species This preserves dataset heterogeneity and prevents spatial leakage 🔒 Benchmarking & Evaluation The test set is not publicly available. To benchmark models: 👉 Submit predictions to the official FOR-age Codabench competition. 🚀 Baseline Methods (from paper) Linear regression (height + crown area) PointTransformerV3 (trained from scratch) ForestFormer3D (fine-tuned) Best performance RMSE ≈ 21 years R² ≈ 0.74 ⚠️ Known Limitations Limited species diversity (2 species) Sparse representation of very old trees 📄 License See repo licence for specific information on what you can do or not when using these data :) 🤝 Acknowledgements This dataset was developed within: SmartForest (NFR SFI project no. 309671) SingleTree (EU CBE JU project, grant no. 101157488) 📬 Contact Stefano Puliti (NIBIO) Funded by the European Union. Views and opinions expressed are however those of the author(s) only and do not mnecessarily reflect those of the European Union or CBE JU. Neither the European Union nor the CBE JU can be held responsible for them. Grant agreement N. º 101157488.