Respiratory system pathology represents a significant area of modern medicine due to the high prevalence and clinical impact of lung diseases. The lungs are highly specialized organs responsible for gas exchange, making them particularly vulnerable to a wide range of pathological processes [1,2,3]. This article examines the structural and functional changes of the lungs in various pathological conditions, including inflammatory, infectious, and chronic diseases. Special attention is given to morphological alterations such as edema, fibrosis, and tissue remodeling, which contribute to impaired respiratory function. The relationship between histopathological changes and clinical manifestations is also analyzed, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and timely intervention. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of lung pathology provides valuable insights for improving diagnostic approaches and therapeutic strategies in respiratory medicine[4,5,6].