The data describe the potential structure, flows, and costs of future global e-fuels markets. Five e-fuels and e-chemicals are considered: renewable-electricity-based e-hydrogen, e-methane (synthetic natural gas, SNG), e-ammonia, e-methanol, and Fischer–Tropsch liquid fuels (e-FTL), analysed for the years 2030, 2040, and 2050. The underlying model optimizes the supply of e-fuels and e-chemicals across 145 defined regions by accounting for regional demand, costs of local production of hydrogen-based materials, transportation costs via pipelines and shipping, and import portfolio strategies. The model objective is to identify a least-cost global supply configuration for e-fuels and e-chemicals.