Vaccine hesitancy, recognized by the World Health Organization as one of the top ten global health threats, continues to challenge public health efforts worldwide by lowering vaccination coverage. This case describes a five-day-old infant who presented with swelling and redness at the hepatitis B vaccination site after the family refused further medical care, vitamin K administration, and neonatal screening, instead applying traditional leech therapy. The mother had not been vaccinated during pregnancy, and the family rejected any discussion about immunization. This situation exemplifies how insufficient vaccine and health literacy can lead to misinformed, high-risk health behaviors. Addressing misinformation, improving communication between healthcare professionals and families, and fostering trust are vital to overcoming vaccine hesitancy. Strengthening vaccine literacy at both the individual and community levels is essential for enabling informed decisions and maintaining public health protection.