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Walkability As A Strategy Towards Inclusive Communities: Case Of A Portuguese Small Town

Authors: Miguel Amado; João Freitas; Eveline Rodrigues; Rosario Ribeiro;

Walkability As A Strategy Towards Inclusive Communities: Case Of A Portuguese Small Town

Abstract

{"references": ["Albuquerque, C., 2003. Relat\u00f3rio do Plano de Ordenamento do Parque Natural de Sintra-Cascais. Instituto da Conserva\u00e7\u00e3o da Natureza, Sintra", "Amado, M. (2009). Planeamento Urbano Sustent\u00e1vel, Ed. Caleid\u00f3scopio(2nd ed.). Casal de Cambra (in portuguese)", "GEOTPU, & C\u00e2mara Municipal de Cascais. (2008). Relat\u00f3rio de Caracteriza\u00e7\u00e3o e Diagn\u00f3stico do Plano de Pormenor de Murches. Almada: Faculdade de Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, (in portuguese)", "Lwin, K. K., & Murayama, Y. (2011). Modelling of urban green space walkability: Eco-friendly walk score calculator. Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 35(5), 408\u2013420. doi:10.1016/j.compenvurbsys.2011.05.002", "Smith, K. R., Brown, B. B., Yamada, I., Kowaleski-Jones, L., Zick, C. D., & Fan, J. X. (2008). Walkability and Body Mass Index: Density, Design, and New Diversity Measures. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 35(3), 237\u2013244. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.05.028", "Feng, J., Glass, T. A., Curriero, F. C., Stewart, W. F., & Schwartz, B. S. (2010). The built environment and obesity: a systematic review of the epidemiologic evidence. Health & place, 16(2), 175\u2013190. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.09.008", "Forsyth, A., Hearst, M., Oakes, J. M., & Schmitz, K. H. (2008). Design and Destinations: Factors Influencing Walking and Total Physical Activity. Urban Studies, 45(9), 1973\u20131996. doi:10.1177/0042098008093386", "Lopez, R. (2004). Urban Sprawl and Risk for Being Overweight or Obese. American Journal of Public Health, 94(9), 1574\u20131579. doi:10.2105/AJPH.94.9.1574", "Litman, T. (2011). Economic Value of Walkability, Victoria Transport Policy Institute (p.28), Melbourne\n[10]\tLee, I.-M., & Buchner, D. M. (2008). The importance of walking to public health. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 40(7 Suppl), S512\u2013518. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c65d0\n[11]\tDing, D., Sallis, J. F., Kerr, J., Lee, S., & Rosenberg, D. E. (2011). Neighborhood environment and physical activity among youth a review. American journal of preventive medicine, 41(4), 442\u2013455. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2011.06.036\n[12]\tBrown, B. B., Yamada, I., Smith, K. R., Zick, C. D., Kowaleski-Jones, L., & Fan, J. X. (2009). Mixed land use and walkability: Variations in land use measures and relationships with BMI, overweight, and obesity. Health & Place, 15(4), 1130\u20131141. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.06.008\n[13]\tUNDP. (2011). Human Development Report 2011. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr2011/\n[14]\tUNDP. (1999). Human Development Report 1999. United Nations Development Programme. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/global/hdr1999/\n[15]\tGallimore, J. M., Brown, B. B., & Werner, C. M. (2011). Walking routes to school in new urban and suburban neighborhoods: An environmental walkability analysis of blocks and routes. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 31(2), 184\u2013191. doi:10.1016/j.jenvp.2011.01.001\n[16]\tCalthorpe, P. (1995). The Next American Metropolis: Ecology, Community, and the American Dream (3rd ed.). Princeton Architectural Press\n[17]\tUN-HABITAT, U. N. H. S. P. (2010). State of the World's Cities 2010/11: Cities for All: Bridging the Urban Divide. EarthScan.\n[18]\tReid, S. (2008). Fit for purpose: evaluating walkability. Proceedings of the ICE - Engineering Sustainability, 161(2), 105\u2013112. doi:10.1680/ensu.2008.161.2.105\n[19]\tCervero, R., &Kockelman, K. (1997). Travel demand and the 3Ds: Density, diversity, and design. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 2(3), 199\u2013219. doi:10.1016/S1361-9209(97)00009-6\n[20]\tFrank, L. D. (2004). Economic determinants of urban form: Resulting trade-offs between active and sedentary forms of travel. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 27(3, Supplement), 146\u2013153. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2004.06.018\n[21]\tLeslie, E., Coffee, N., Frank, L., Owen, N., Bauman, A., & Hugo, G. (2007). Walkability of local communities: Using geographic information systems to objectively assess relevant environmental attributes. Health & Place, 13(1), 111\u2013122. doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2005.11.001\n[22]\tSaelens, B. E., & Handy, S. L. (2008). Built Environment Correlates of Walking: A Review. Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 40(7 Suppl), S550\u2013S566. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e31817c67a4\n[23]\tGiles-Corti, B., &Donovan, R. J. (2002). The relative influence of individual, social and physical environment determinants of physical activity. Social Science & Medicine, 54(12), 1793\u20131812. doi:10.1016/S0277-9536(01)00150-2\n[24]\tBoarnet, M., Day, K., Anderson, C., McMillan, T., & Alfonzo, M. (2005). California's Safe Routes to School Program - Impacts on Walking, Bicycling, and Pedestrian Safety. Journal of the American Planning Association, 71(3)\n[25]\tZhu, X., & Lee, C. (2008). Walkability and Safety Around Elementary Schools: Economic and Ethnic Disparities. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 34(4), 282\u2013290. doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2008.01.024\n[26]\tStren, R. (2001). Thinking about Urban Inclusiveness. Centre for Urban and Community Studies, University of Toronto, Canada\n[27]\tAmado, M., Santos, C., & Pinto, J. (2008). Methods in sustainable urban process. In SB07 - Sustainable Construction, Materials and Practices, Challenges of the Industry for the New Millenium. Presented at the International Conference on Sustainable Construction, Materials and Practices, Lisbon: IOS Press BV"]}

The United Nations has defined the inclusive community as “…promoting growth with equity, a place where everyone, regardless of their economic means, gender, race, ethnicity or religion, is enabled and empowered to fully participate in the social, economic and political opportunities that cities have to offer”. In this paper, the concept of walkability is viewed as an important tool towards the planning and future development of more inclusive communities. Walking is the cheapest and cleanest mode of travel available to all providing large benefits to both health and local economic development. To demonstrate the validity of this strategy a set of parameters, selected from existing research, were measure, compared and discussed in the existing and proposed scenarios of a Portuguese small town using GIS software.

Keywords

Inclusiveness, Walkability., GIS, Planning, Sustainability

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popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
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This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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