The review corresponds to the IPBES transformative change assessment. The IPBES Scoping document for the transformative change assessment describes that chapter 4 should address a range of constraints and challenges that arise within and between political, legal, technological, physical (e.g., infrastructure), economic/financial and other social systems and the functioning of ecosystems, and how these challenges could be overcome. The chapter provides evidence on limited access to clean technologies and uncoordinated knowledge and innovation systems as being one of the challenges impeding transformative change. In this context, a review of literature focused on this challenge was conducted and is further described below.