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A novel microfluidic compact disc to investigate electrochemical property changes between artificial and real salivary samples mixed with mouthwashes using electrical impedance analysis

قرص مدمج مائع دقيق جديد للتحقيق في تغيرات الخواص الكهروكيميائية بين العينات اللعابية الاصطناعية والحقيقية الممزوجة بغسول الفم باستخدام تحليل المعاوقة الكهربائية
Authors: Aung Thiha; Fatimah Ibrahim; Karunan Joseph; Bojan Petrović; Sanja Kojić; Nuraina Anisa Dahlan; Nurul Fauzani Jamaluddin; +2 Authors

A novel microfluidic compact disc to investigate electrochemical property changes between artificial and real salivary samples mixed with mouthwashes using electrical impedance analysis

Abstract

Diagnosing oral diseases at an early stage may lead to better preventive treatments, thus reducing treatment burden and costs. This paper introduces a systematic design of a microfluidic compact disc (CD) consisting of six unique chambers that run simultaneously from sample loading, holding, mixing and analysis. In this study, the electrochemical property changes between real saliva and artificial saliva mixed with three different types of mouthwashes (i.e. chlorhexidine-, fluoride- and essential oil (Listerine)-based mouthwashes) were investigated using electrical impedance analysis. Given the diversity and complexity of patient’s salivary samples, we investigated the electrochemical impedance property of healthy real saliva mixed with different types of mouthwashes to understand the different electrochemical property which could be a foundation for diagnosis and monitoring of oral diseases. On the other hand, electrochemical impedance property of artificial saliva, a commonly used moisturizing agent and lubricant for the treatment of xerostomia or dry mouth syndrome was also studied. The findings indicate that artificial saliva and fluoride-based mouthwash showed higher conductance values compared to real saliva and two other different types of mouthwashes. The ability of our new microfluidic CD platform to perform multiplex processes and detection of electrochemical property of different types of saliva and mouthwashes is a fundamental concept for future research on salivary theranostics using point-of-care microfluidic CD platform.

Keywords

Physiology, Science, Electrode, Microfluidics, Mouthwashes, Biomedical Engineering, FOS: Medical engineering, Xerostomia, Breath Analysis Technology, Fluorides, Engineering, Health Sciences, Electric Impedance, Periodontal Diseases and Oral Microbiome, Electrochemistry, Humans, Nanotechnology, Saliva, Internal medicine, Machine Olfaction, FOS: Nanotechnology, FOS: Clinical medicine, Q, Chlorhexidine, R, Diagnosis and Management of Sjögren's Syndrome, Saliva, Artificial, Materials science, Chemistry, Physical chemistry, FOS: Biological sciences, Dentistry, Physical Sciences, Medicine, Periodontics, Biomedical engineering, Research Article

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    This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    5
    popularity
    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
    Average
    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
    Top 10%
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
5
Top 10%
Average
Top 10%
Green
gold