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Sciences de la Société
Article . 2016
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Marche-loisir et marche-déplacement : une dichotomie persistante, du romantisme au fonctionnalisme

Jérôme Monnet;

Marche-loisir et marche-déplacement : une dichotomie persistante, du romantisme au fonctionnalisme

Abstract

Au début du xxie siècle, des chercheurs, des écrivains, des journalistes et des urbanistes proclament le renouveau de la marche à pied, mais leurs représentations positives de celle-ci renvoient essentiellement à l’activité de promenade, ou marche-loisir, par opposition à la mobilité pédestre utilitaire, ou marche-déplacement, qui reste sous-représentée. Cette dichotomie se met en place à la Renaissance lorsque l’État prend en charge la voirie publique avec l’objectif d’améliorer la circulation des véhicules, tandis que l’aristocratie développe l’art de la promenade dans des espaces privés. Le Romantisme illustré par Rousseau convertit ensuite l’ensemble des espaces ruraux en territoires où la marche permet l’épanouissement de l’individu, dans l’harmonie entre le corps, l’esprit et la nature. En ville, l’activité sociale de la promenade se démocratise dans les jardins devenus publics, avant de donner lieu à une exploitation marchande dans les Passages, puis devant les vitrines des Grands Magasins, dans les shopping malls et enfin dans les rues piétonnes des centres anciens. Avec l’urbanisme fonctionnaliste, dans une voirie modelée pour le transport mécanisé, la marche-déplacement devient complètement subordonnée, inconfortable et inopérante, alors que la marche-loisir bénéficie d’un système de sentiers de randonnée qui évite au maximum le réseau de circulation générale. Ainsi, l’enjeu du développement de la marche ne se situe pas dans les territoires du loisir que sont les espaces verts ou les centres touristiques et commerçants, mais dans le manque d’infrastructures et de politiques de déplacement pédestre dans les espaces majoritaires de la ville contemporaine, et notamment les banlieues. At the beginning of the 21st century, various researchers, writers, journalists or urban planners proclaim the renewal of walking, but their positive representations mainly refer to recreational outing (walking as a form of leisure) in contrast to utilitarian walking (walking as a form of displacement), which remains under-represented. This dichotomy actually appeared during the Renaissance when the State decided to take charge of the public road system, with the objective of improving vehicle traffic, while the aristocracy developed the art of promenade in private spaces. Then, romanticism illustrated by Rousseau converted rural areas in walking territories dedicated to human development through the search of harmony between body, spirit and nature. In the city, the social activity of the promenade became more and more popular and took place in public parks and gardens. This social activity of walking was soon associated with a commercial exploitation of city centers where people gazed at the many shop windows first of the “Grands Magasins” and later of the shopping malls. With the rise of a functionalist urban planning focused on the development of a mechanized transport infrastructure, “walking as a displacement” becomes completely subordinated, uncomfortable and inoperative. At the same time, a particular attention was paid to the extension of recreational walking trails where people could easily walk just for the pleasure of walking far from vehicle traffic. Thus, the challenge of walking development doesn’t really lie in the management of leisure areas like green spaces, tourist and commercial centers, but rather in the planning of other parts of the contemporary city – including surrounding areas – which are generally lacking appropriate infrastructure to encourage sustainable development of eco-friendly transports (walking as a form of displacement).

Country
France
Subjects by Vocabulary

Library of Congress Subject Headings: lcsh:Social Sciences lcsh:H lcsh:Social sciences (General) lcsh:H1-99

Keywords

General Medicine, [SHS.GEO]Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SHS.ARCHI]Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management, [SHS.HIST]Humanities and Social Sciences/History, marche, loisir, déplacement, urbanisme, fonctionnalisme, romantisme, promenade, randonnée, espaces verts, voirie, walking, leisure, displacement, city planning, functionalism, romanticism, hiking, green areas, public road system, [SHS.GEO] Humanities and Social Sciences/Geography, [SHS.ARCHI] Humanities and Social Sciences/Architecture, space management, [SHS.HIST] Humanities and Social Sciences/History, walking, leisure, displacement, city planning, functionalism, romanticism

21 references, page 1 of 3

LE BRETON (D.), 2012, Marcher. Éloge des chemins et de la lenteur, Paris, Éditions Métailié

LOTFI (M.) et alii, 2012, « Évolution de la place du végétal dans la ville, de l'espace vert a la trame verte », VertigO Vol. 12 N°2, URL : http://vertigo.revues.org/12670

MAUSS (M.), 1936, “Les techniques du corps”, Journal de Psychologie, XXXII, n°3-4 (édition électronique par Jean-Marie Tremblay : http://www.uqac.uquebec.ca/zone30/Classique s_des_sciences_sociales/index.html)

MONDERMAN (H.), Clarke (E.) & Baillie (B.H.), 2006, « Shared Space: the alternative approach to calming traffic », Traffic engineering & control, 47(8), p.290-292.

MONNET (J.) 2012, « Quand les marcheurs parlent de la marche entre eux : savoirs d'usage et intelligence collective », colloque international Le génie de la marche, Centre culturel international de Cerisy la Salle (publié en 2016 : Le génie de la marche. Poétique, savoirs et politique des corps mobiles, sous la dir. de S. Chardonnet, G. Amar & M. Apel-Muller, Paris : éditions Hermann, p.271-281).

MONNET (J.), 2015, « La marche à pied entre loisir et déplacement », La géographie n°1557, p.12-15. [OpenAIRE]

OFFNER (J.M.), 1988, “Du voisinage à l'urbanité. Les mobilités piétonnes”, Espaces et sociétés n°54- 55, p.69-88.

OTTINGER (D.) & BAJAC (Q.), 2010, Dreamlands, des parcs d'attraction aux cités du futur, catalogue d'exposition, Paris, Centre Pompidou.

PRUD'HOMME (V.) & VANT (A.), 1985, « L'évolution du centre commerçant de Saint-Etienne (1971- 1981) », Revue de géographie de Lyon, vol. 60 n°1-2, p. 57-76.

RADEL (A.), 2012, 50 ans de campagnes d'éducation pour la santé. L'exemple de la lutte contre la sédentarité et de la promotion des modes de vie actifs (1960-2010), Thèse de doctorat en Sciences et techniques des activités physiques et sportives, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier.

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    This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
    Average
    influence
    This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
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    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
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