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Y a-t-il une différence entre « Roms » et « Roumains » ?

Martin Olivera;

Y a-t-il une différence entre « Roms » et « Roumains » ?

Abstract

À première vue, les ethnologues sont bien les spécialistes des « différences » : longtemps ils ont voulu saisir ce qui faisait la singularité de divers groupes humains. Leur discipline a ainsi largement contribué à enrichir (et à ordonner) le vaste tableau de la « diversité culturelle » sur la planète. Au cours des quarante dernières années, l’anthropologie s’est toutefois détournée des approches « primordialistes » ou « essentialistes » des identités collectives. La plupart des chercheurs considèrent aujourd’hui que ces dernières ne sont jamais données mais toujours construites et, plus encore, qu’elles sont en perpétuelle co-construction. Se définir soi-même implique de définir des « autres », voisins proches ou lointaines figures exotiques. C’est ce qu’illustre cet article en partant d’une question en apparence simple : quelle différence y a-t-il entre les « Roms » et les « Roumains » ? Il montre pourquoi on ne peut rendre compte de « différences » que d’un certain point de vue, et pourquoi il importe de rappeler que celles-ci sont toujours relatives et provisoires, même lorsqu’elles se donnent comme évidentes et éternelles. En effet, les figures de l’identité et de l’altérité ne s’(entre)inventent pas de manière hasardeuse, elles sont un produit de l’histoire et visent à agir sur le monde. Elles sont donc éminemment politiques. Sur tous ces points, le cas des « Roms » et des « Roumains » est exemplaire, comme on va le voir. At first glance, ethnologists are indeed the ones who specialise in “differences”: they long wanted to understand what constituted the singularity of various human groups. Their discipline thus broadly contributed to enriching (and ordering) the planet’s vast palette of “cultural diversity”. However, over the past forty years, anthropology has turned away from “primordialist” or “essentialist” approaches to group identities. Today, most researchers believe that these groups are never given but always constructed, and furthermore, that they are under perpetual co-construction. Defining oneself implies defining “others”, either close neighbours or distant exotic figures. This is what is illustrated by this article, beginning with an apparently simple question: what difference is there between “Roma” and “Romanians”? He shows why “differences” can only be described from a certain point of view, and why it is important to remember that these are always relative and provisional, even when presented as obvious and eternal. In fact, figures of identity and otherness are not (inter)invented by chance, they are the product of history and they aim to act upon the world. They are therefore highly political. On all of these points, the case of “Roms” and “Romanians” is exemplary, as we will see.

Subjects by Vocabulary

Microsoft Academic Graph classification: Philosophy Humanities

Keywords

Anthropology

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