Antonio Gramsci (Ales, Sardinia 1891- Rome 1937) was an Italian politician, Marxist theorist and an expert scholar of the political, social and cultural life of his time. From his work, and particularly in his Quaderni del carcere (Prison Notebooks) and Lettere dal carcere (Letters from Prison), it is possible to reconstruct an original social theory. Gramsci’s starting point was clearly of Marxist origin. In line with the teachings of Antonio Labriola (1843-1904) Gramscian Marxism was a critical and anti-dogmatic Marxism, relating to the philosophy of Praxis. From these theoretical and practical premises, Antonio Gramsci addressed social, political, historical and cultural issues of great importance. This included studies on the Italian Risorgimento, the condition of Italy’s South, the role of intellectuals, as well as the drawing up of the concepts of hegemony, passive revolution, historical blocs and civil society.