A few strains have been patented, producing e.g. eicosapentaenoic acid (Trachydiscus minutus) or linolic and linolenoic acids (snow alga Bracteacoccus bullatus), psychrophilic alga Monoraphidium sp. producing many unsaturated fatty acids (C16:4 and C18:4 PUFAs, 18:3ω3), etc. Snow and psychrophilic algae can be cultivated during cold periods and in cold regions. It is, therefore, advantageous to make use of extended production periods. For example, during a polar day, the total input of energy from the Sun is higher than in a tropic region! Cultivation of the microalgal strains was optimized in terms of yield of target compounds and scaled up from microbioreactors (0.2 mL, FB immunological plates), and semi-industrial pilot scale bioreactors (12 m2 and 150 L volume), and two nutraceutical products based on algae were launched onto the market together with new types of industrial bioreactors. Simultaneously, economic aspects of the production of individual products were surveyed. Thus, heterotrophic cultivation of algae on glycerol as a waste material in processing animal fats and using hydrolysates of animal wastes as nitrogen sources were also tested, similarly as utilization of combustion gases from a biogas cogeneration unit as a source of carbon dioxide.