This paper delves into the realm of Surface Electromyography (sEMG) signal processing, presenting a comprehensive exploration of its theoretical underpinnings and the application of a four-bit absolute value comparator. The journey commences with an introduction to the subject matter, followed by an in-depth analysis of the theoretical basis of sEMG signals, encompassing their definition and waveform characteristics, as well as the processing flow. The focal point of this study is the utilization of a four-bit absolute value comparator in enhancing sEMG signal processing. Moving forward, the paper delves into the intricacies of logic circuit design, elucidating the architecture of both adder and comparator circuits pivotal in this context. Circuit optimization strategies are subsequently unveiled, addressing critical path considerations, gate sizing, and VDD optimization to bolster efficiency. In summation, this research advances our understanding of sEMG signal processing and introduces a novel four-bit absolute value comparator, which holds promise in elevating the precision and reliability of sEMG data analysis.