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Minimum Perfect Square Sum Bordered and Block-Wise Bordered Magic Squares: Orders 3 to 31

Authors: Inder J. Taneja;

Minimum Perfect Square Sum Bordered and Block-Wise Bordered Magic Squares: Orders 3 to 31

Abstract

There are many ways of writing magic or bordered magic squares, where the sum of entries is always a perfect square. In one of the possibility, the magic sums are such that they satisfy uniformity property. Another way is to write magic squares generated by Pythagorean triples. Based on these idea, we can always write magic squares or bordered magic squares where the sum of entries is always a perfect square. Still, these sums are not minimum. There is a third way to write magic squares or bordered squares such that we get minimum perfect square sum of entries. This what we have done in this work with bordered and block-wise bordered magic squares. In case of even order magic squares, we can always write block-wise bordered magic squares with equal sum sub-blocks. In case of odd order magic squares, we can write them as block-wise bordered magic squares, but with different sub-blocks sums. This work is for the orders 3 to 31. The extension to bordered magic squares of orders 32 to 47 is given in another work. Recently, author applied this idea of perfect square sum of entries to write area representations of magic squares.

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Keywords

Magic squares, Uniformity property, Pythagorean triples, Perfect square sums

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