This article systematically describes the scientific foundations of biophysics, its subject, research methods and main directions. Biophysics is a science aimed at studying biological processes and systems based on physical laws, mathematical models and modern experimental techniques, which allows for a deep understanding of the structural and functional properties of living matter. The article emphasizes biophysical research at the cellular and molecular levels, as well as the study of physical processes in the nervous system and cardiovascular system. It also provides information on the practical importance of biophysical methods in the fields of medicine, pharmacy and biotechnology. The interdisciplinary integration of biophysics and its role in the formation of innovative technologies are highlighted on the example of modern scientific approaches.