In this afterword, the authors reflect on the themes and approaches to research on multilingual Sydney that have emerged in the book. Phil Benson does so from his perspective as a Sydney-based co-editor of the book. Kathleen Heugh contributes her reflections from another Australian multilingual city, Adelaide, and from the perspective of discussions of contemporary diversities and multilingualisms circulating in Europe and other post-colonial contexts. The authors also identify important areas for future research that are suggested by the book, but are as yet under-researched.