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Metagenomic Analysis of Therapeutic PYO Phage Cocktails from 1997 to 2014

Authors: Julia Villarroel; Mette Larsen; Mogens Kilstrup; Morten Nielsen;

Metagenomic Analysis of Therapeutic PYO Phage Cocktails from 1997 to 2014

Abstract

Phage therapy has regained interest in recent years due to the alarming spread of antibiotic resistance. Whilst phage cocktails are commonly sold in pharmacies in countries such as Georgia and Russia, this is not the case in western countries due to western regulatory agencies requiring a thorough characterization of the drug. Here, DNA sequencing of constituent biological entities constitutes a first step. The pyophage (PYO) cocktail is one of the main commercial products of the Georgian Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology and is used to cure skin infections. Since its first production in the 1930s, the composition of the cocktail has been periodically modified to add phages effective against emerging pathogenic strains. In this paper, we compared the composition of three PYO cocktails from 1997 (PYO97), 2000 (PYO2000) and 2014 (PYO2014). Based on next generation sequencing, de novo assembly and binning of contigs into draft genomes based on tetranucleotide distance, thirty and twenty-nine phage draft genomes were predicted in PYO97 and PYO2014, respectively. Of these, thirteen and fifteen shared high similarity to known phages. Eleven draft genomes were found to be common in the two cocktails. One of these showed no similarity to publicly available phage genomes. Representatives of phages targeting E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. coli, Proteus, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus were found in both cocktails. Finally, we estimated larger overlap of the PYO2000 cocktail to PYO97 compared to PYO2014. Using next generation sequencing and metagenomics analysis, we were able to characterize and compare the content of PYO cocktails separated by 17 years in time. Even though the cocktail composition is upgraded every six months, we found it to remain relatively stable over the years.

Countries
Argentina, Denmark
Keywords

PYO phage cocktail, Staphylococcus aureus, Genome, Viral, Siphoviridae, Microbiology, Coliphages, METAGENOMICS, Article, Russia, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/3.3, Escherichia coli, Humans, Bacteriophages, https://purl.org/becyt/ford/3, Phage Therapy, metagenomics, High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing, Human phage therapy, Podoviridae, HUMAN PHAGE THERAPY, QR1-502, human phage therapy, PYO PHAGE COCKTAIL, PYO phage cocktail; metagenomics; human phage therapy, Myoviridae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Metagenomics, Staphylococcus Phages, Pseudomonas Phages

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    influence
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    impulse
    This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
67
Top 1%
Top 10%
Top 10%
Green
gold