The closing section of the volume contains commentary and considerations on the bioarchaeology of social complexity. The authors identify several broad themes and issues crosscutting the chapters and offer constructive critiques for future bioarchaeological studies of hierarchy, heterarchy, and other expressions of social organization in antiquity. These include observations on sampling design, paleoepidemiological comparisons of ancient biological stress markers, greater bioarchaeology–mortuary archaeology integration, interpretation in bioarchaeology, and the potential shortcomings of typological expectations of ancient human health.