
The Kloosterman sum \[ ∑ x = 0 ; ( x , p ) = 1 p α − 1 exp ( 2 π i n ( x + x ¯ ) / p α ) , \sum \limits _{x = 0;(x,p) = 1}^{{p^\alpha } - 1} {\exp (2\pi in(x + \bar x)/{p^\alpha }),} \] where p is an odd prime, α ≧ 2 \alpha \geqq 2 and ( n , p ) = 1 (n,p) = 1 , is evaluated in a very short direct way.
Gauss and Kloosterman sums; generalizations
Gauss and Kloosterman sums; generalizations
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