Purpose. Determination of the peculiarities of intraspecific genetic polymorphism of Russian sturgeon based on microsatellite DNA markers. Methodology. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with the detection of results based on capillary electrophoresis was used for the determination of intraspecific polymorphism of microsatellite DNA Russian sturgeon. Findings. On microsatellite DNA markers was investigated genetic polymorphism of Russian sturgeon (Acipenser gueldenstaedtii Brandt) Black Sea and Dnieper population. It was identified of 56 allelic variants of such DNA-markers investigated as LS-19, LS-68, LS-39, Aox-27, LS-54 and Aox-45. On locus LS-19 allelic variants have been identified, the locus LS-68 was the most polymorphic and consisted of 21 alleles, 11 allelic variants have been identified by the LS-39 locus, and 16 allelic variants have been identified for the LS-54 locus. Aox-27 locus was the least polymorphic microsatellite markers among the study and consisted of 7 allelic variants. For Aox-45 locus 16 allelic variants have been identified. A study of the genetic structure of the Russian Black Sea-Dnieper sturgeon population is not currently been carried out in full and reduced only to the evaluation of the number of identified allelic variants and relative frequency of alleles. Calculations of heterozygosity parameters for Russian sturgeon became complicated definition tetraploid genetic structure of this species on the studied DNA markers. Such studies are an important component in the further work on the conservation of genetic diversity of sturgeon, which will provide an opportunity to carry out the state control over reproduction and preservation of valuable and endangered species under increased anthropogenic impact on natural populations. Originality. For the first time, new data of the peculiarities of the intraspecific genetic polymorphism of Russian sturgeon was obtained using species-specific microsatellite DNA markers. Practical value. The data obtained can be used to control the genetic processes in the populations of Russian sturgeon, as well as to develop a complex of measures to improve the efficiency of breeding and conservation of the structure and species diversity of this sturgeon species.