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Unitaries in Banach spaces

Authors: Bandyopadhyay, Pradipta; Jarosz, Krzysztof; Rao, T. S. S. R. K.;

Unitaries in Banach spaces

Abstract

To \(x\in S_X\), the unit sphere of a Banach space \(X\), one associates its state space \(S_x=\{x^\ast\in S_{X^{\ast}}\mid x^\ast (x)=1\}\). \(x\) is a called a vertex if the span of \(S_x\) is weak-star dense in \(X^\ast\). A unitary is a vertex such that \(S_x =X^\ast\) and the set of unitaries is denoted by \(\mathcal{U}\). The authors remark that in \(C^\ast\)-algebras the notion of a vertex and a unitary coincide. The main objective in the paper is the generalization of the important concepts vertex and unitary from algebras to general Banach spaces. The elements of \(\mathcal{U}\) are localized by various concepts. It is, e.g., shown that \(x\in \mathcal{U}\subset X\) if and only if it is a unitary of \(X^{\ast\ast}\) and that \(\mathcal{U}\) is contained in the set of strongly extreme points of \(B_X\), a property vertices need not share. Let \(K\) be compact Hausdorff space and \(C(K,X)\) the \(X\)-valued continuous functions on \(K\), with sup-norm. \(\mathcal{U}\) in \(C(K,X)\) is studied, and characterized in the case \(X\) is a function algebra as the set of those \(f\) such that \(f(k)\) is a unitary in \(X\) for all \(k\in K\). It is also pointed out by an example that this is not true in general, not even for two-dimensional spaces \(X\). The authors end the paper by investigating how \(T\in\mathcal{L}(X)\) being a unitary is reflected in the position of \(T^\ast\) (note that if \(T^\ast\) is a unitary in \(\mathcal{L}(X^\ast)\), then \(T\) is a unitary in \(\mathcal{L}(X)\)). Whether \(T^\ast\) is always a unitary whenever \(T\) is, is left as an open question.

Keywords

46B20, 46L05, Geometry and structure of normed linear spaces, Banach algebras of continuous functions, function algebras, unitary, vertex, strongly extreme point

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citations
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
9
Average
Top 10%
Average
Green
hybrid