The biology, effect on plant growth, and control of the azalea leafminer, Caloptilia azaleella (Brants), in container-grown nursery stock and landscape azaleas are reported. Azalea leafminer females survived for 5.3 d and oviposited 5.3 eggs/d. Fifty percent of the eggs were oviposited singularly on leaves. Egg development required 4.2 d at 25°C. Larval development appears to proceed through four and sometimes five instars. In the nursery and landscape, azalea leafminer populations peaked in January–March, but continuous generations occurred throughout the year. Nine species of parasitic Hymenoptera were reared from azalea leafminer larvae or pupae. Sympiesis sp. (near dolichogastor ) and Paroligonerus sp. emerged from azalea leafminer pupae and were the most abundant parasitoids. Azalea leafminer damage to azalea did not affect plant growth. Plant nutritional status and cultivar affected the infestation rate of azalea leafminer. Male response to pheromone production by female azalea leafminer was demonstrated.