T N response to Japanese activities in the Far East, I93I-I933, the Hoover administration adopted a policy of refusing to recognize political or territorial changes made in violation of American treaty rights. This was not entirely new. At the time of Japan's Twenty-One Demands upon China, in I9I5, Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan had announced a similar nonrecognition policy. But the Hoover administration elaborated the formula by associating it with the Kellogg-Briand or Paris Pact of I928, whose signatories (including Japan) renounce(l war as an instrument of national policy, and with the Nine-Power Treaty of I922, which bound the nine powers (including Japan) to respect the Open Door in China and Chinese territorial and administrative integrity. Nonrecognition as a corollary of these treaties came to be known variously as the Stimson, the Hoover-Stimson, or the Hoover doctrine. The interchangeable use of these terms gave the impression that President Hoover and his Secretary of State, Henry L. Stimson, had one and the same policy in mind. In his boo}c The Far Eastern Crisis (I936) Stimson did not disabuse his readers of that impression, but afterward some of the published papers of Hoover suggested and the memoirs of both men