Abstract In Sweden, concern for hazardous working conditions dates back to the late nineteenth century. A brief history of important developments shows that the key to the Swedish approach in providing a safe and healthy work environment is the consensus and cooperation between employers and employees. Working conditions are regulated both by detailed guidelines and standards with statutory power and by supplementary agreements between employers and employees. On-site activities of safety delegates and safety committees are the cornerstone in the health and safety system. In the late 1940s, occupational hygiene emerged as an independent discipline. It is characterized by a strong focus on research and a large specialization. Occupational hygienists are predominantly employed by governmental and municipal services. Apart from research, these hygienists provide expert knowledge to safety engineers in occupational health services who carry out regular occupational hygiene activities. They are also involved i...