Abstract This chapter describes the morphology, life cycle, spread and control (by chemical, biological, cultural and quarantine methods) of pests attacking bananas and plantains (Musa). These include the rhizome and root pests (the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus and burrowing nematode Radopholus similis), the bunch pests (including thrips and scab moth Nacoleia octasema), and the leaf pests (such as the leaf-eating caterpillar Antichloris viridis and the mealybug Dysmicoccus grasii). The role of fungal and bacterial endophytes in controlling banana pests and diseases is discussed.