Abstract Objective There are numerous factors that impact human health. Sanitary and hygienic conditions in the workplace and living environments, the state of the environment, and nutrition levels play a significant role in determining environmental quality. An integral part is also the organization of effective treatment and preventive health care services for the population. The purpose of this study is to analyze the sanitary and hygienic situation in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Methods The methodological framework employed general theoretical methods, statistical analysis, and techniques for systematizing information. Results During the study, it was determined that in several cities, high levels of respiratory and skin morbidity are recorded, linked to elevated concentrations of dust, ammonia, hydrogen fluoride, and nitrogen dioxide. As a consequence of chemical contamination of drinking water sources, there is an escalation in the incidence of nephritis and hepatitis, an upsurge in the number of toxicosis cases among pregnant women, and congenital anomalies. The sanitary condition of settlements greatly impacts the development of satisfactory living conditions. Conclusions Therefore, this research holds significant practical relevance, and the findings can be utilized by specialists in relevant fields to analyze and address the identified problems, as safeguarding public health, development, and improvement of its protection system is currently becoming one of the paramount tasks.