We summarize the results of investigations into the biodegradation of different groups of synthetic polymers in various environmental compartments. Most research focused on soil and compost, with polyesters the main object of biodegradation tests. Recognizing the importance of biodegradation in the context of the environment, we summarize the variety of data established by many researchers. We show that some areas have been closely covered, but that aqueous biodegradation especially has been neglected.