Anal dysplasia is a cytopathology term describing specific squamous cell morphology and represents a varying degree of benign changes. Often a source of confusion, the current iteration includes two types, low-grade and high-grade, and carries significant clinical implications. This article updates readers on the current definition of anal dysplasia, describes its incidence and prevalence, defines high-risk populations, and highlights diagnostics, treatment, and long-term management strategies for patients with anal dysplasia.