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Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes
Article . 2018 . Peer-reviewed
License: CC BY NC ND
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Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes
Article
License: CC BY NC ND
Data sources: UnpayWall
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Distrofias musculares congénitas

Authors: Susana Quijano-Roy, MD, PhD; Marta Gómez-Garcia de la Banda, MD;

Distrofias musculares congénitas

Abstract

Resumen: Las distrofias musculares congénitas (DMC) son enfermedades musculares hereditarias muy heterogéneas. Su diagnóstico se basa en criterios histológicos (signos distróficos en músculo) y clínicos (de inicio neonatal o durante la infancia precoz, antes de adquirir la marcha). Los lactantes presentan hipotonía, movilidad disminuida y retraso o estancamiento del desarrollo motor. Son enfermedades progresivas, con frecuente aparición de retracciones articulares, rigidez y deformidad de columna, insuficiencia respiratoria y, en algunas formas, afectación cardiaca. Por ello, necesitan un manejo multidisciplinario neuro-ortopédico, cardio-respiratorio y frecuentemente quirúrgico. Los valores de las enzimas musculares (CK) permiten orientar el diagnóstico. Formas con aumento marcado de CK guían hacia la DMC con déficit de merosina (gen LAMA2) y las distroglicanopatías, muy heterogéneas genéticamente. Ambas pueden asociar anomalías cerebrales y retraso mental (frecuente en las distroglicanopatías), o limitarse a la sustancia blanca cerebral, sin deterioro cognitivo (merosinopatías). La biopsia muscular ayuda en el diagnóstico detectando el déficit de merosina o la glicosilación anómala de distroglicano. Las formas de DMC sin aumento importante de CK no presentan afectación cerebral y se diagnostican frecuentemente gracias a la identificación de signos clínicos como hiperlaxitud distal en la DMC de Ullrich (genes COL6), rigidez espinal selectiva y fallo respiratorio en las selenopatías (gen SEPN1) o “drop-head” en las laminopatías (gen LMNA). La resonancia magnética muscular es muy útil para confirmar la sospecha clínica y orientar casos difíciles. La identificación genética y el desarrollo de modelos animales están ayudando a conocer mejor la fisiopatología de estas enfermedades, aumentando las posibilidades de encontrar terapias para el futuro. Abstract: Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) are inherited muscle disorders with a high clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Diagnostic criteria are histological (dystrophy in muscle biopsy) and clinical (onset at birth or before the age of walking). Affected infants typically appear “floppy” with low muscle tone and poor spontaneous movements. Patients may present with delay or arrest of gross motor development. CMDs show progressive weakness, joint contractures, spinal stiffness and deformities, respiratory compromise and certain types may develop cardiac symptoms. Multidisciplinary management is required, including neuro-orthopedic, cardio-respiratory and often surgical treatment. Dosage of muscle enzymes (CK) helps in the diagnostic pathway. Marked increase is observed in merosin deficient CMD (LAMA2 gene) and in the dystroglycanopathies, which are genetically very heterogeneous. Both disorders may show central nervous system abnormalities, being often associated with mental retardation in dystroglycanopathies, while merosinopathies show only striking white matter changes and intellect is not impaired. Muscle biopsy helps to detect defects in merosin expression or abnormal dystroglycane glycosylation. CMDs without marked increase of CK do not associate brain involvement. Diagnosis is often oriented by the identification of clinical markers such as distal hyperlaxity in Ullrich CMD (COL6 genes), selective spinal rigidity and respiratory failure in selenopathies (SEPN1 gene), or dropped head in laminopathies (LMNA gene). Muscle MRI is very useful to confirm clinical suspicion and orientate difficult cases. Gene identification in these disorders and development of animal models are helping to better understand their physiopathologic mechanisms, opening the possibility for future therapies. Palabras clave: Distrofia muscular, merosina, colágeno VI, SEPN1, LMNA, distroglicano, algoritmo diagnóstico, Keywords: Muscular dystrophy, merosin, collagen VI, SEPN1, Lamin A/C, Dystroglycan, diagnostic guideline.

Keywords

R, Medicine

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selected citations
These citations are derived from selected sources.
This is an alternative to the "Influence" indicator, which also reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Citations provided by BIP!
popularity
This indicator reflects the "current" impact/attention (the "hype") of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Popularity provided by BIP!
influence
This indicator reflects the overall/total impact of an article in the research community at large, based on the underlying citation network (diachronically).
BIP!Influence provided by BIP!
impulse
This indicator reflects the initial momentum of an article directly after its publication, based on the underlying citation network.
BIP!Impulse provided by BIP!
3
Average
Average
Average
gold