There are currently two major areas of resuscitation of the newborn which have come into question: the use of intermittent positive pressure ventilation and the use of oxygen. There is evolving evidence that volutrauma associated with IPPV, especially in the premature infant, may induce changes in the lung which can lead to chronic lung disease. There is reason to believe that the use of continuous positive airway pressure in premature infants who are making respiratory efforts may be less harmful than the use of IPPV. With regard to the use of oxygen, it is clear that most infants can be successfully resuscitated with room air. Although we can identify markers for oxidative stress in newborns when resuscitated with 100% oxygen, the clinical importance of these markers remain an open issue. If the presence of these markers after resuscitation is shown to relate to clinical problems, then the use of oxygen may need to be considered.