The floral anatomy ofCamellia japonica is described and the origin of its multistaminate androecium is considered. Of significance is the observation that the complex polyandry of the genus overlies a basic vascular obdiplostemonous pattern. This is evidenced by two systems of staminal bundles. The first diverges from a set of five common petal-stamen bundles and subsequently divides further. The second set of five staminal trunk bundles emerges from the central cylinder slightly above the petal-stamen bundles which are antepetalous. The observations will aid phylogenetic reconstruction for members of the polyphyletic order Dilleniidae to whichCamellia belongs, and in which the polyandry has been too simply and sometimes incorrectly interpreted as a primitive condition.